Te Tai Ngā Takinga Kōrero Reo Māori mō te Whakatau Kereme He Taonga Tuku Iho Heoi anō nei te mea hei ritenga mō te rironga o ngā whenua me ngā tauranga ika o te iwi Māori i ngā tau mai i 1860 ki ngā tau whakamutunga o te rau tau 20, ko te ngaromanga o te reo Māori. I te taenga ki te ngahuru tau mai i 1970 kua tāmatemate te reo, ā, kua tīmata te whawhai a te iwi Māori kia whakahokia mai te taonga nei te reo ki a rātou. I ēnei rā kei te mau tonu tōna ingoa, te wahine kia ora, ahakoa whā tekau tau i muri mai. Heoi anō, i tērā wā, he mihi noa iho ki te tangata te mahi a Naida Glavish ki tōna reo ūkaipō, te reo i whānau tahi mai ia, i kōrerotia hoki ki a ia i tōna tamarikitanga. I aua wā, ki te waea atu ki ngā rohe i waho i te takiwā, i mate ngā kiritaki ki te waea atu ki tētahi kaimahi hono waea, e taea ai te honohono ki tētahi atu nama. I te ngahuru tau 1980 i te mahi a Naida i tētahi o aua papa whakawhiti waea. Kua nuku mai a Naida ki Tāmakimakaurau, ā, kua whiwhi mahi i te Poutāpeta, tētahi o ngā tari kāwanatanga i taua wā. Engari kīhai ia i waiho i tana reo tuatahi i te kāinga, arā, ka mihi ki ngā kaiwaea mai ki ngā kupu manahau “Kia ora, tolls here.” “Kua rua ōku tau e noho ana i Tāmakimakaurau, me taku mihi tonu ki te tangata ‘Kia ora, tolls here.’ Kātahi ka hurihia ngā kaiwhakahaere. Te hiahia o te kaiwhakahaere hou he whakatikatika i ngā rūma waea tawhiti. Ki a ia ko te mea tika mō ngā rūma waea tawhiti kia whakapuaki te tangata i ngā mihi whai mana a te Poutāpeta, arā, 'good morning, good afternoon, good evening” rānei. Kārekau au i pērā. Ka haere tonu taku mihi ‘Kia Ora’, ahakoa te wā o te rā i mahi ai au i roto. I ngana rātou ki te whakamutu i aku mahi i ngā papa. I tukua au kia mahi i ētahi mahi ehara i te mahi tūhono waea, kei whakaputa tonu au i taku mihi ‘Kia ora, tolls here’. I pērā anō mō tētahi wā. Kāore kē a Naida i tuku. “I kī anō au ki taku rangatira he mea tūturu tēnei nō tēnei whenua. Kei ngā tāngata katoa te tika ki te whakamahi i aua kupu, mehemea nō tēnei whenua ō rātou ngākau. Ka kī mai ia ‘pēhea me ka tahuri ērā atu reo katoa ki te whakamahi i ā ratou?’ Tāku ki a ia, ‘he maioha tēnei nō tēnei whenua ake, ehara nō tāwāhi. Nō konei ake a Kia ora.’” Ahakoa tāna kore whakaae ki te āhua o te mihi ki te tangata, he pai tonu te mahi a te kaiwhakahaere i ētahi atu wāhanga o te mahi, ā, i tukua e ia a Naida kia hoki ki te Tai Tokerau ki ngā tangihanga, ahakoa ehara tērā i te wāhi o te kirimana. I pēnei ia kaua pea ia e hīkaka, me tuku pea tana tū. “I a au e taraiwa ana i te piriti i Tāmakimakaurau me te whakaaro me tuku au, ka uru mai tētahi reo ki taku taringa, me te kī mai ki a au, ‘Nui ake tēnei take i a koe.’ He nui noa atu tēnei take i a koe. I pēnei au ko te hau noa tērā e pupuhi mai ana mā te matapihi, nā reira ka whakapikia e au te matapihi. Nō te taenga tonutanga ki runga rawa o te piriti ka puta mai anō ko taua reo rā, ‘Nui ake tēnei take i a koe.’” “I mōhio anō au i reira ko te reo tērā o taku kuia.” “I haere tika atu au ki te tari a te kaiwhakahaere me te kī, ‘E hiahia ana au ki te whakamoemiti ki a koe mōu i whakawātea i ahau i te mahi kia haere au ki te tangihanga. Ko tāku hoki ki a koe, kei te mihi au ki a koe ki ō mahi hei rangatira mōku i konei. Ka whakarangatira tonu au i ō mahi. Engari āku mahi, ka mahia katoatia hei uri nō taku kuia.’ I hoki atu au ki te papa waea, ‘Kia ora, tolls here’”. Kātahi ka kōrerotia e Naida aua kōrero ki te kaituhi ki a Ranginui Walker, te tiamana o te Kaunihera Māori o Tāmakimakaurau i taua wā, he mema hoki a Naida nō te Kaunihera. “Kī atu au, ‘kia mōhio koe e Rangi, kei te whakaitingia au i te mahi, nā taku kī atu ki te tangata ‘Kia ora, tolls here.’ Ka kitea tonutia atu e ia he kaikiri ā-whakahaere tonu tērā.” I kawea atu ngā kōrero mō ngā mahi rā ki te Kaunihera Māori tonu, i reira a Kereama Rātima. Ētahi rā i muri mai ka toro ngā kōrero ki ngā upoko o ngā niupepa, me tētahi kōrero i te Auckland Star. He maha ngā kaitautoko mō te tū a Naida i waenga i te iwi whānui, ā, i waea noa iho ētahi ki te tari waea tawhiti ki te kōrero ki te “Kia ora Lady.” “He mea whakamīharo ngā reta i taetae mai ki te tari, ko te motu katoa i tautoko. Ahakoa nāku te pakanga i tīmata, nā te motu katoa te parekura whakamutunga. Ko Aotearoa tonu i toa i te pakanga whānui. Nā te tautoko i ara ake.” I haere te tū a Naira me ngā koropupūtanga i te ao pāpāho, ao tōrangapū i tētahi wā kua tino tokomaha kē atu ngāi Māori ki te titiro a ngāi Pākehā, inā hoki e rua ngā whakatupuranga Māori kua nuku hohoro ki ngā tāone noho ai. I tino piki ngā pakanga mō ngā whāinga tika whenua me ētahi atu take i te ao pāpāho auraki, ā, ka kōrerohia nuitia te wāhi tika o te reo Māori i ngā mahi whānui o Aotearoa, me te taukumekume o te tini o te tangata mō taua take. Engari he wāhanga anō te pakanga a Naida nō tētahi pakanga whānui kē atu. I mua atu i te tau 1984 tērā te tini o tangata nō ngā momo wāhi katoa o tēnei ao i whawhai atu ki te whakaaro tērā pea ka memeha atu te reo Māori i te takanga o ngā tau, ā, he tika hoki kia pērā. Āe, i tautoko, i aronui hoki te ao pāpāho ki te tū tika a Naida, waihoki ngā Pākehā i roto i Aotearoa, arā anō te whakapapa o tana take.Tērā anō ngā tāngata i tū māia ki te kawe i te kaupapa, ki te hāpai i te take i te ao tōrangapū mō ētahi tau. Kua hohoro kē atu te ngoikoretanga o te reo i roto i te 100 tau ka hipa, kua aitua tūturu te reo i te nukuhanga o te iwi Māori ki ngā tāone i ngā tau i muri mai i te pakanga tuarua. I te kōrero Māori tonu te nuinga o ngā tāngata i ngā hapori Māori i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, engari kua oti kē ōna paiaka hei reo kōrero tuatahi mō te tangata te karokaro e ngā ritenga whakaako o ngā kura. I tupu ake tēnā reanga, tēnā reanga o te iwi Māori i roto i ngā whakawhiu mō te kōrero i tō rātou reo i te kura, kātahi ka huri hei mātua, kāore i kōrero i te reo ki ā rātou tamariki i runga i te wehi ka raru tō rātou whiwhinga mahi, ka whakawhiua rānei ngā tamariki i te kura e te kaiako. Ka tupu ake ēnei tamariki me te kōrero i te reo Ingarihi anake, ā, ka raru te tukunga iho o te reo i ngā mātua ki ngā tamariki i te tini o ngā whānau. Nā te rerenga o te tini o ngāi Māori ki ngā tāone nunui i tino waimeha ai te reo Māori, otirā i ngā ngahuru tau 1950 me 1960 i tino pērā te heke ki ngā tāone. I ngā hapori Māori, tae atu hoki ki ērā kua uru mai ko te reo Pākehā, he mea nui tonu te reo hei huarahi whakawhiti whakaaro. Heoi anō, i ngā tāone nui me ngā tāone tonu ko te reo Pākehā te reo whai mana, ā, e taea hoki e te aha mō te tini o ngāi Māori i aua tāone, me whakawhiti kōrero ki te reo o te Pākehā. Tētahi atu mate nui ko te whakarongo me te pānui i te reo Pākehā anake i ngā pāpāhotanga, niupepa hoki. Kāti koinei te wā i tino heke iho te kaha o te reo Māori. He tini i kite, i āwangawanga mō tēnei āhua. Nā Tākuta Richard Benton o te New Zealand Council of Educational Research ētahi hapori 100 i rangahau, me tā ratou whakamahi i te reo, i ngā tau mai i 1965 – 1970, koirā te rangahau tuatahi kia arotake i te tū o te reo Māori. Kāore i pai ngā kitenga, hei whakaū hoki i ngā kōrero e poipoia ana ki te ngutu o te tangata. “Ina kite tātou kāore i tino pai te ora o te reo Māori i ngā takiwā tāone, me mahara a tauiwi i te wāhi ki a rātou mō te pikinga ake o te ora o te reo taketake o tēnei whenua. E noho ana te nuinga o te iwi Māori i ngā tāone nui me ngā tāone ā-takiwā. Kua haria mai e ngāi Māori tētahi rawa reo. E taea ai tēnei rawa te whakawhanake, me mātua tahuri mai te hapori nui tonu, te iwi Māori me tauiwi, ki te whakaae ki tōna hiranga. Kua kore anō ngā kaikōrero Māori e noho i te wā kāinga i ēnei rā, otirā nā te tokomaha tonu o tauiwi, nā tō rātou wāhi noho, tō rātou awe hoki, kua riro ināianei mā tauiwi te kupu whakamutunga mō te oranga te hemonga rānei o te reo taketake o Aotearoa.”[footnoteRef:1] [1: Wai 11, puka 15E, The Māori Language in a hundred communities, whārangi 16.] “Ko ngā hapori i kaha rawa ki te pupuru i te reo Māori ko ngā kāinga iti, he Māori hoki te nuinga o ngā tāngata i reira, i te Tai Tokerau, i te rohe o Mataatua me Te Tai Rāwhiti. Tēna ko tēnei, kāore ngā tāone me ngā tāone nui i tino akiaki i te tangata kia kōrero Māori ki ā rātou tamariki. Nā ngā pēhanga pērā pea a ō rātou hoa tata kōrero Pākehā, i tino uaua ai ngā pīkauranga i runga i ngā tāngata e noho ana i ngā rohe whaka-te-tonga katoa o te Ika ā Māui kia ora tonu te reo Māori i ō rātou kāinga me ō rātou hapori.”[footnoteRef:2] [2: Wai 11, puka 15E, The Māori Language in a hundred communities, whārangi 15.] Tētahi o aua hapori ko ngā iwi nei o Ngati Raukawa rāua ko Ngati Toarangatira. Ahakoa tērā, kāore i noho noa iho kia tahuri rā anō te Karauna ki te whakaora i tō rātou reo. Kua ata noho a Whatarangi Winiata me ngā kaumātua o te iwi ki te matapaki i te ahunga me te whanaketanga o te iwi. Tētahi āhuatanga whakaoho i a rātou ko te korenga kaikōrero i raro iho i te 30 tau. I te tau 1975 ka tākina atu e rātou tō rātou rautaki, Whakatupuranga Rua Mano, kei roto rā hoki ētahi whāinga mutunga mai o te mārama, mō te 25 tau kei mua i te aroaro. Hei rito mō tēnei rautaki katoa ko tēnei whakapuaki “he taonga tino nui whakaharahara te reo, he mea tuku iho nā ngā tūpuna, me tiaki te reo kia kore ai e waimeha, ā, mā ā tātou mahi katoa hei whakaora, kāore i tua atu, kāore i tua mai.” I āta piri te iwi katoa ki te whakapono ko te rawa nui o te iwi ko ana tāngata: “Ko tēnei mea te tangata te whāinga rawa nui o te iwi, ko te whakawhanaketanga me te puritanga o te tangata te mea nui, nui kē atu i te whakawhanaketanga me te puritanga o ētahi atu rawa.”[footnoteRef:3] [3: Whakatupuranga Rua Mano, 1975-2000, He Tirohanga Whakamuri, nā Piripi Walker.] Nā Whatarangi Winiata me ōna hoa ngā wānanga rumaki reo i tīmata, ka noho hei tīmatanga mō te whakaoranga o te reo i waenga i a Te Ati Awa, i a Ngati Toarangatira me Ngati Raukawa. I waenga i ngā tau 1976 me 1979 e iwa ngā hui rangatahi, hui rumaki hoki i whakatūria e rātou i roto i ngā hararei kura. I whakatūria hoki he marautanga ka noho hei kahupapa mō te whakatūranga o Te Wānanga o Raukawa. I noho anō te Wānanga hei tauira mō te whakatūranga o Te Wānanga o Awanuiarangi me Te Wānanga o Aotearoa. Nā ngā mātanga reo o Ngati Porou nā Katerina Mataira rāua ko Ngoi Pewhairangi i whakatū Te Ataarangi, tētahi kaupapa i whātoro ki ngā tōpito katoa o te motu, ā, e haere tonu nei ōna akoranga i ngā rohe katoa. I whakanikonikotia te tikanga e kīa nei te Silent Way hei huarahi whakaako i te reo Māori, ā, e ai ki ētahi ka noho ōna ritenga hei punga mō ngā mahi o ngā Kura Kaupapa Māori. Ehara i te mea ko ngā pakeke anake te hunga i tohe mō te reo, i mahi kia ora mai te reo i te mate. Ko ngā tamariki Māori o te reanga tuatahi kia tupu i ngā taone kua tīmata te haere ki ngā whare wānanga, ā, i te pikinga ake o tō rātou tokomaha ka tīmata ki te korikori. Nā Nga Tamatoa, i Te Whare Wānanga o Tamakimakaurau, me Te Rōpū o Te Reo Māori i te Whare Wānanga o Wikitōria, i tīmata tētahi pitihana i te tau 1972, i inoi ki te motu kia akona te reo Māori i roto i ngā kura. Neke atu i te 30,000 te hunga i haina. Nā konei ka tīmata te tapaetanga o te reo Māori i te marautanga kura, ā, ka whakarewaina hoki te Rā mō te Reo Māori. Ko tōna mutunga iho ko te whānautanga mai o te Wiki o Te Reo Māori i 1975. Ko te pūnaha mātauranga, te takiwā i tino whara ai te reo Māori i mua te pae o te pakanga mō ngā mahi whakarauora reo. I tīmata te hīkoi o te Kōhanga Reo i Wainuiomata i te tau 1982, ka horapa hoki i muri ki ētahi atu wāhi. Nā ngā kaihautū pēnei i a Tā Hēmi Henare rāua ko Iritana Tawhiwhirangi mā, te Kōhanga Reo i whakatū, i whakatōkia ai te reo Māori i roto i te whakatupuranga hou. Nō te tau 1978 ka huakina te Kura Reorua o Rūātoki, ā, ka tae nei ki te tau 1980 e whā ngā kura reo rua o te motu. Ahakoa te māia te mārama hoki o ngā whakaaro i muri i ēnei kōkiri mō te reo, kāore anō kia tatū tētahi mahi i te Karauna hei whakamutu i te heke o te reo Māori. Rite tonu ki ētahi atu take, he ngāwari noa iho te kaupare atu i ngā tangi o te iwi Māori me ngā kupu kōrero a ōna rangatira kia whakapūmautia ngā ritenga o te Tiriti, kei te āhua tonu o ngā hiahia o te ao tōrangapū te whakatau. Na, i pērā anō te āhua. Nā te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti i huaki tētahi ara mō ngā nawe o ngā takahanga o te tiriti, kia whakawākia, kia hāpainga hoki ngā whakatau. I te tuatahi i whakawhāititia tana titiro ki ngā takahanga hou i te Tiriti, kāore i whakaaetia ngā nawe kua roa e pīkauria ana e ngā whakatupuranga. Kāore ngā takahanga tawhito o te tiriti i āhei kia uru ki raro i a ia, ahakoa rā, tērā anō ētahi o ngā kerēme tuatahi i uru ētahi kōrero tawhito ki roto. He kerēme ēnei mō ngā taonga kikokiko, arā, te whenua me ngā wai. Nā tētahi kerēme mō te reo Māori tēnei i hurirapa. I roto i taua kerēme, i tūhono ngā āhuatanga o nāianei ki ngā rā o mua, i āta tautuhitia hoki ētahi mātāpono ka noho tonu nei hei tūāpapa mō ngā kōrero tiriti. I whakaurungia te kerēme ki te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1984, arā, i taua tau anō o te tū o Naida mō te reo. Ko te whakapae i raro i te kerēme ko ngā whare matua o te kāwanatanga , ōna ture me ōna kaupapa here te aronga, me mātua huri ēnei mea katoa kia ora ai te reo. Nā Huirangi Waikerepuru me tana rōpū Ngā Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo Incorporated (the Wellington Maori Language Board) te kerēme i whakauru. He tino huringa i te huarahi te kerēme, mō te whakaoranga o te reo. Te Kerēme – Wai 11 I te marama o Mei 1985 i hārongia a Pōneke e te hautonga, ā, i tau mai hoki ngā kaumātua o ngā hau e whā ki ōna marae. Tērā anō ētahi i whānau mai i ngā tau whakamutunga o te rau tau 19, ko ētahi atu anō i whānau mai i ngā tau tuatahi o te rau tau 20. I maumahara rātou ki ngā wā i peia atu te reo Māori, i waimeha ai te reo i roto i ngā whakatupuranga. Koia ēnei ētahi o ngā tino pātaka o te motu, o te reo Māori. Kua tae mai rātou ki te tautoko i te kerēme me tana inoi kia whakamanaia tūturutia te reo i raro i te ture hei reo whai mana, kia tautokona hoki e te Karauna me ōna peka. Hei tuatahitanga hoki taua kerēme ki te whakapae, ko ngā taonga ā-reo, ā-wairua o tētahi iwi ka noho hei taonga, ā, ka uru ki te karangatanga taonga ka noho maru i raro i te Tiriti Waitangi. Nā reira he ahurei tonu tō Wai 11, he rerekē i ētahi atu kerēme mō ētahi atu take whāiti kē atu, i herea ki runga i te takiwā ā-iwi motuhake. I pā te kerēme mō te reo Māori ki te iwi Māori mai i Te Reinga ki Murihiku, ā, i tae ake ngā kanohi o ngā tini iwi, hapū hoki ki te tautoko. Ko Piripi Walker te hekeretari o te kerēme, ā, i maumahara ki te mana, te iwi me te wehi o nga kaumātua i tatū mai. “Nā Ngāti Porou rātou i manaaki i te marae o Kōkiri. 40 tekau ngā pakeke i noho i reira i te pō o mua atu. Ka tūtū mai nga pakeke ki te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro, ki te kōrero tahi mō te mahi kei mua, ki te whakariterite, tā te kaumātua hanga,” te kī a Walker.[footnoteRef:4] [4: Uiuinga ā-kanohi, rīpene kōrero] I mahi a Walker i Irirangi Aotearoa, i haere hei kaikawe kōrero ki te kerēme o Motunui i Waitara. Ko te mahi a te heamana o te Te Rōpū Whakamana a Taihakurei Durie i reira he inoi ki ngā rōia kia noho ki muri o te rūma, kia kaua ai hoki e noho ki te te uiui i ngā kaiwhakatakoto kōrero.I roto i ērā āhuatanga ka āhua rite Te Rōpū ki te marae ātea, ka waiho ngā ahuatanga o te rūma kōti ki te taha. Ahakoa tērā kua whakahokia mai anō tētahi wāhi nui ki ngā rōia i ēnei tau tata. E ai ki a Walker nā tērā āhuatanga o te marae i wātea ake ai ngā kaumātua ki te āta whakaputa kōrero, kāore he tirotiro kāore he āwangawanga, mō te kaupapa, arā, te wāhi ki te reo i te ao Māori, he pēhea hoki i pēhia ai te āhua Māori o te tangata i runga i te ngaromanga o te reo. “Mō ngā rā tuatahi e whā, i tū mai tēnā iwi, tēnā iwi ki te kōrero. Ko te mana kōrero, kei ngā kaumātua, ki tā te Māori titiro. I ērā o ngā rā e toru e whā, he tino whakamīharo ngā tāpaetanga. I homai e rātou tētahi tirohanga kotahi.” “Ka tū a John Rangihau, ka kī ake, ‘ki te kore tōku reo he pai ake kia haere mai koe ki te tapatapahi i taku kakī. Kāore aku pukapuka hei whakatakoto ki mua i a koutou o te rūnanga whakawā. Kotahi anake taku pukapuka, ko te pukapuka o tōku reo.’ I pērā anō te āhua o ngā whakatakotoranga mō ngā rā tuatahi.” He mea āta whakarite mārire ngā wehenga katoa o te kerēme i mua, ā, kotahi rau ngā hui o mua atu ki te whakatikatika i ōna pūtake. “Tō mātou hiahia kia wherawheratia ngā whāinga tika i roto, mehemea he tika motuhake ō te Māori i raro i te tiriti, waihoki ngā whāinga tika ki te reo hei wāhanga o ngā tika tangata noa iho. I rangahaua ēnei momo pātai katoa i aua hui. Te taenga ki tētahi hui o te rōpū i te marama o Āperira 1983 kua tau katoa ngā whakaaro mō tētahi take kia haria ki te Rōpū Whakamana. Me tuku te kerēme.” He mea nui ngā kaumātua nāna i ārahi te mahi. “Ko Huirangi te kaiārahi, te tohunga, te pūkōrero, hei matakahi mō te kerēme. I tahuri a Hirini Moko Mead ki te huke mai i ngā kōrero e puta ai te ihu o te kerēme, arā, nāna ngā mahi huritao i te taha ki ngā kupu me ngā upoko o te Tiriti. “Ko te āwangawanga nui, kātahi anō he kerēme mō tētahi taonga ā-wairua ka tāpaetia ki mua i te Rōpū Whakamana - ko te āwangawanga nui, kei kore e whakaaetia. Ahakoa te hīkaka ki te kawe i te kerēme ki mua i te Rōpū Whakamana, tērā anō ngā pakeke i rangirua mō te kōkiri i te kerēme. “Ko Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau te rōpū i ara mai i te wā i tahuri ai te iwi ki te takahi i te huarahi ki te Rōpū Whakamana, i muri i ngā kōkiri o ngā tau o mua atu. He whakaaro hou, kia whakaohongia te Tiriti o Waitangi kei tūāpapa mō tētahi kerēme mō te reo, ā, i taukumekumetia tēnei i ētahi hui maha. He kaha a Whatarangi Winiata ki te pātai i te pātai i aua hui. Nāna te pātai i tētahi o ngā hui tuatahi ‘ki te hinga tā koutou take ka pēhea te reo? Ki te kore e kerēme mō te reo i raro i te Upoko 2 e tutuki, ka pēhea?’ Ko te whakautu a Huirangi “Kei te marama tātou ki tā tātou kaupapa. E tino mōhio ana mātou he tika te pūtake o te kerēme, he take e tika ana kia kawea ki te Rōpū, e mārama ana ki te take e hāpainga nei e tātou.’ He whakautu tērā i ara mai i te ngākau-ū.” He hōhonu tonu te whakapapa o te kerēme, ā, ko aua mahi o mua atu te kahupapa mō te kerēme. “Ka titiro koe ki ngā maioro me ngā taumata i hangaia, i pakangatia hoki e Ngā Tamatoa me te Rōpū mō Te Reo Māori kia kimihia te tika kia ākona te reo Māori i roto i ngā kura – he pitihana rongonui – ngā ope i tae ake ki te Kāporeihana Pāpāho, ka kitea ngā tūāpapa o te kaupapa. Ka kitea e te tangata i inoi rātou kia wehea mai he wāhanga tōtika o ngā rawa mō ngā kaupapa Māori i te pouaka whakaata.” “Ko ngā kōkiri whānui o te pakanga i tīmataria, i tohea nuitia e Ngā Tamatoa me te Rōpū o Te Reo Māori i aua wā. Me hoki whakamuri rā anō ki ngā ngahuru tau 1960, 1950, ki 1940, ki ngā mahi nunui a Apirana Ngata kia whakaurua mai te reo Māori hei kaupapa mō ngā tohu whare wānanga. Ehara i te mea nō ēnei wā tata, nō mua iho, nō mua iho ēnei take mō te oranga o te reo me ngā āhuatanga Māori. Ahakoa kua rite katoa ngā rōpū Māori nei, i te āhua ngoikore te Karauna, na, ka tumeke i te rongonga mō te kerēme. “ I oho tonu te Karauna i te kerēme mō te reo, mō te tāpaetanga ki te Rōpū Whakamana, me te whai o tētahi rōpū kia whakaurua ki reira kia whakawākia. Te whakaurunga mai ka whakapā mai ētahi o ngā āpiha o te Karauna me te inoi kia kōunutia, he āpiha Māori, e kore e whakahuatia ngā ingoa. I tāpaetia mai ētahi rongoā, i te taha o ngā inoi kia kōunutia te kerēme. He karere ēnei nā te Minita, nā ngā whakahaere whai mana o te motu,” e ai ki a Walker. Ko aua kōrero takawaenga kāore i arongia atu, ā, ka haere tonu “te kōkiri kia āta karohia ngā tūwatawata ārai i te reo Māori nā te Karauna i whakatū, kia hinga ki raro, ahakoa te kiriweti mai o te Karauna me ngā rōpū tōrangapū katoa.”[footnoteRef:5] [5: Uiuinga o Walker, rīpene kōrero.] Tā te kerēme he takahi pārae hou, nā te arotahi ki tētahi taonga ā-wairua. E ai rā tā te Rōpū Whakamana: “He ngāwari noa iho te kerēme. Engari kia whakatinanatia – kei reira te uauatanga, ā-tōrangapū, ā-pāpori, ā-pūtea, ā-aha nei - ko te kerēme uaua rawa atu pea tēnei o ngā kerēme katoa. He tangi tioro tonu te tangi o te iwi Māori ki tōna reo, nō ngā tōpito katoa o te motu, i te mea i puta mai he kaikōrero nō ngā iwi katoa, nō ngā rohe katoa. I haere mai rātou “i ngā hau e whā” ā, kotahi anake te reo. Ko te Poari o Ngā Whakapūmau he kaikōrero noa iho mō te kerēme. I tino tautokona e ngāi Māori ahakoa i hea.”[footnoteRef:6] [6: Pūrongo a Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi mō te Kerēme mō Te Reo Māori, Wai 11, whārangi 7.] I te whakaurunga atu o te kerēme Wai 11 i te tau 1984 i āhei te Rōpū Whakamana ki te whakarongo ki ngā kerēme anake o te wā (i hurihia te ture i te tau 1985 kia uru mai ko ngā kerēme o mua, arā, kia hoki atu ki te tau 1840). Nā reira ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā whakatupuranga o mua i raru ai te reo, kāore i taea te tō mai ki runga i ngā ngahuru tau e taea ai te whakawā e te rōpū. Ahakoa tērā, kārekau ngā kaikerēme i whakaaro ake ki ērā āhuatanga i roto i ā rātou tāpaetanga. Engari nā te whāiti o te aronga o ngā rārangi ture o te Rōpū Whakamana o taua wā, me anga anake te kerēme ki ētahi o ngā ture o taua rā, i whakapono ai ngā kaikerēme i tāmi i te wāhi tika o te reo Māori. I whakapaetia ko te ārainga ā-ture o te reo Māori e te Karauna hei reo whai mana i ngā mahi kāwanatanga tētahi take nui o te waimehatanga, me te ngarohanga atu o te reo. I werohia tēnei ārainga atu e ētahi wehenga ture, i roto i te kōkiri matua o te kerēme. “. . . E takahi ana te Ture mō ngā Take Māori 1953 (s. 77A), te Ture Pāpāho 1976, te Ture Mātauranga Act 1964, te Ture Hauora 1956 me te Ture mō ngā Hōhipera 1957 i ngā whakaritenga o te Tiriti o Waitangi, waihoki ngā kaupapa here mō te pāpāho me te mātauranga e takahi ana hoki i ngā whakaritenga o te Tiriti, nā konei kua whara (ngā kaikerēme) nā te mea kāore kau rātou, otirā te iwi Māori nui tonu e āhei ki te kōrero, ki te whakarongo, ki te ako, ki te pāpāho i te reo, ki te whakamahi hoki i te reo mō ngā momo mahi maha, waihoki i te Whare Pāremata, i ngā Kōti, i ngā Tari Kāwanatanga me ngā kaunihera ā-rohe, me ngā wāhanga katoa o te whenua o Aotearoa tae atu hoki ki ngā hōhipera.”[footnoteRef:7] [7: Pūrongo a te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, Wai 11, whārangi 19.] Heoi anō, i mua i ngā kāwei whāiti o te kerēme me ōna āhuatanga katoa, i tahuri ngā kaikerēme ki te tārei i ngā pou matua ka noho hei kahupapa mō te kerēme, kāti, i roto i ngā tau ka noho hei pūtake mō ētahi atu take whai i muri. I takea mai te kī a ngā kaikerēme i ngā kī taurangi i te upoko tuarua, tuatoru hoki o te Tiriti o Waitangi i whakaūngia ai ngā tika o te Māori ki ōna whenua, ki ōna kāinga me ā rātou taonga katoa, otira ki ngā whāinga tika katoa rite tahi ki ngā tangata o Ingarangi. Nā Hirini Moko Mead i whakamārama te pānga o ēnei upoko ki te reo Māori nā tana wetewete i ngā kī taurangi o te Tiriti. Ki tana titiro ka uru ngā rawa kikokiko me ngā rawa wairua ki raro i te karangatanga “o ratou taonga katoa’, ā, ko te tino whakapākehātanga pai rawa, ki a ia, ko “all their valued customs and possessions.” I ruku anō a Tā Hirini ki ngā kupu o te reo Māori i tuhia i roto i te Tiriti, i te taha o ētahi kōrero nā te rangatira o Ngāpuhi, a Waka Nene, i te taukumekume i Waitangi i 1840, me te aronui anō a Hirini ki te kīanga “o rātou taonga katoa.” “I ēnei rā, me tāpiri katoa atu te reo Māori hei kohiwi mō te katoa o ngā tikanga me ngā rawa ā-wairua o te iwi Māori, arā, me whakauru atu te reo hei wāhi o te whakamāoritanga o te kīanga ‘o rātou taonga katoa’. I whakaūngia, i whakapūmautia te “tino rangatiratanga’ ki runga i te reo Māori. He tino kīanga tēnei me pupuri ki mua i ngā whakaaro.”[footnoteRef:8] [8: Wai 11, Puka 10, tāpaetanga nā Hirini Moko Mead mō ngā Upoko 2 me 3. ] E ai ki tāna, me whakauru atu ko te reo tonu ki ngā tikanga me ngā rawa. Ko wai te tangata ka kaha ki te kī, he rerekē ngā whakaaro o te hunga nāna te tiriti i haina. “Kāore hoki te Tiriti e kī ana me hoatu katoa atu e te iwi Māori tō rātou reo, ō rātou āhuatanga...ko tā te Upoko 2 he kī taurangi ki te iwi Māori, kāpā ko te reo Māori anake tā ratou e pupuri ai, engari anō ia ā rātou tikanga, ā rātou taonga, ā rātou rawa me ō rātou whenua.” “Ko te pūtake tūturu i tukua atu ai te kāwanatanga ki te Kuini, hei pupuri i te tino rangatiratanga (te rangatiratanga o te mana o te aho rangatira o ngā iwi) ki ō rātou whenua, ki ō rātou kāinga, ō rātou whare, me ā rātou tikanga, taonga anō hoki.” He maha hoki ngā kōrero mō ngā here i runga i te Karauna mō tētahi taonga pērā i te reo. Tā te Karauna i kī taurangi ai, he kupu rangatira kia tiakina te reo, ā, nui noa atu taua kī taurangi i te waiho noa i te iwi Māori kia kōrero i tōna reo Māori. E ai rā ki tētahi whakatakotoranga nā te wehenga o Aotearoa o te kōmihana ā-Ao o ngā Kaiwhakawā: “Ko tēnei kupu he kupu rangatira, he whānui noa ake i te waiho noa iho i te iwi Māori kia ngahau ki tō ratou reo me ō rātou āhuatanga ā-iwi. He here kei roto kia ākina he tikanga i ngā wā katoa kia noho ai te mana rangatira, te mana motuhake, te purutanga e kore e taea te whakapōraru, o te iwi Māori ki tō rātou reo me ā rātou tikanga.”[footnoteRef:9] [9: Wai 11, Puka 35, tapaetanga nā te New Zealand Section of International Commission of Jurists (e whakahuatia ana ēnei kupu i Wai 11).] Ko te take tuatahi i arotahitia i roto i te kerēme ko te korenga o te Karauna e whakamana i te reo Māori. I tohe anō te kerēme ka noho tēnei korenga e whai mana i raro i ngā ngoikoretanga katoa o te Karauna i ētahi atu āhuatanga. Nā tēnei korenga e whakamanahia te reo i roto i ngā ture, kua kore noa iho he mana o te reo Māori i roto i ngā tari Kāwanatanga me ngā rōpū tūmatanui.”[footnoteRef:10] [10: Wai 11, puka 2, whakarāpopototanga kerēme, Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te Reo Inc, whārangi 6. ] Tētahi tino āhuatanga pēnei ko te whakawākanga kōti o tētahi take nā Te Ringa Mangu (Dun) Mihaka, i hiahia rā ki te kōrero ki te kōti ki te reo Māori. I whakakāhoretia e te kōti tana tika kia pērā nā te mea kāore anō te reo Māori kia whakamanahia i raro i te ture. Ahakoa te whakapuaki i roto i te Ture mō nga Take Māori Act 1953 “ka whakamanaia i konei te whakaaro ko te reo Māori te reo tuku iho o tērā wāhanga o ngā tāngata o Aotearoa e kīa nei he uri Māori,” i kī te kerēme kāore he kiko o ēnei kupu, heoi anō tēnei he whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga o tētahi reo. E ai ki te kaiwhakaako ture ki a Joe Williams i tana tāpaetanga, “kaore he tikanga o te ture, kāore he huanga i raro i te ture. E kī noa iho ana e whakaae ana te pāremata ki te whakaaro ko te reo Māori te reo kōrero tuku iho o te iwi Māori. Ka taea hoki pea te kī e te pāremata: E whakaae ana mātou ki te kōrero he rangi taupuru tēnei. He rite tonu te huanga mai. Kāore he tika tangata ka taea te whakatinana i roto, i raro i taua upoko, heoi anō tāna he tātai i ētahi o ngā āhuatanga o te ao, arā, ko te reo Māori te reo o te iwi Māori.”[footnoteRef:11] [11: Wai 11, puka 21, tāpaetanga nā Joe Williams, whārangi 1.] I kī hoki ngā kupu o te kerēme “na te mea kāore anō te reo Māori kia whakamanaia ā-turetia kia rite ki te reo Pākeha, kāore i whakawāteatia mai te rangatiratanga o te tangata ki te reo mā ngā huarahi ā-kaupapa whenua, ā-ture rānei o Aotearoa.”[footnoteRef:12] [12: Wai 11, puka 2, whakarāpopototanga kerēme, Ngā Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo Inc, whārangi 6.] Ki tā te kerēme anō, nā tēnei korenga e whai mana o te reo i ngā taumata taketake o te kāwanatanga kāore kē he ritenga mō te reo Māori i te huhua o ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga e puta ai he āwhina ki te whakamahi me te pupuru i tō rātou reo. Te Mātauranga Ko tētahi o ngā ratonga i tino arotahitia ai e ngā kaikerēme ko te ao mātauranga. I hāngai pū te tāpaetanga kōrero a Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau ki te Ture Mātauranga 1964, me te whakapae “kāore ōna whakaritenga tikanga mō te whakatū me te whakahaere kura hei whakaako mā te arareo Māori.” “E whakapono ana mātou ko te reo tō mātou taonga ā-iwi nui rawa, ā, i runga i tērā āhua, he kī taurangi kia tiakina tōna tukunga ki ngā reanga hou te kī a te Upoko 2 o Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ko te aronga kētanga o ngā kaupapa kāwanatanga i ngā kura o Aotearoa mō te hia ngahuru tau, he tāmi i te kōrerotanga me te whakaakoranga o te reo Māori i ngā mahi katoa. Nā konei ka mate atu te reo o ngā iwi maha o te motu.”[footnoteRef:13] [13: Wai 11, puka 2, whārangi 30, whakarāpopototanga kerēme, nā ngā kaikerēme i tuhi. ] Ka puta ngā kōrero a tēnā kaitāpae, a tēnā kaitāpae, mō ngā wharanga i raro i ngā kaupapa here o ngā kāwanatanga maha ki te reo Māori. Nā Bruce Biggs te ao mātauranga o Aotearoa i whakaahua, me te āhua o ngā ngaunga o ngā kaupapa here i te reo Māori o ngā tamariki Maori: “Ahakoa i whakaae te Whakapuaki Mātauranga a Kāwana Kerei o te tau 1847 kia noho ko te reo Māori hei reo whakaako, nā te whakahau me mātua whakaako mā roto i te reo Pākehā e whiwhi ai tētahi kura ki te moni, i toitū ai ngā whakaaro o te tini kia kaua e whakatinanatia tēnei kaupapa reo-rua. Tīmata tonu mai i te tau 1853 i hiahia ngā kaitirotiro kura o Tāmakimakaurau kia noho ko te reo Pākehā te reo whakaako mō ngā kura katoa e mārama ai te tangata ki taua reo, otirā, mō ngā kura katoa, me ka taea. I te tau 1862 ka puta te kī a tētahi Kaitirotiro kura ko te reo Māori ‘tētahi taupā nui i mua i te hīkoi o te ao hou.’ Ko te Ture Mātauranga o te tau 1867 te tīmatanga o te hinganga o te ritenga reo-rua. Ki te titiro a te kāwanatanga kia kaua ngā Kura Mihana e kawe haere tonu i tā rātou mahi whakaako mā roto i te reo Māori. Ko te whakahau a te Ture kia kawea ngā whakaakoranga ki te reo Pākehā, me ka taea. Ko tā te Ture Menemana Kura Māori o te tau 1871 he whakarite kia whakatūria he kura ā-kāinga Māori (i kīa rā he ‘Native’ engari nō muri mai ka kīa he kura ‘Māori) mō te whakaako ki te arareo Pākehā anake. Hei tohu tēnei mō te tīmatanga o neke atu i te rau tau o te tāmitanga tūturu o te reo Māori. Ahakoa kāore he whakapuaki kāwanatanga i puta he kōrero pērā o roto, kotahi anō te whāinga, ki te titiro a te tangata, kia whakakapia te reo Māori ki te reo Pākehā mō ngā āhuatanga katoa.”[footnoteRef:14] [14: Wai 11, Puka 8, tāpaetanga nā Bruce Biggs, whārangi 3. ] Ahakoa te ture o 1871, ka noho te reo Maori hei pūhā tiotio, uaua ki te hūhuti, i ngā hapori Māori taea noatia ngā ngahuru tau i waenganui o te rau tau 20. Ka horaina e Biggs ngā tātai tauānga hei whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga i te tau 1913, 90 ōrau o ngā tamariki Māori i taua wā he kōrero Maori. Ahakoa rā, e tino mimiti ana te reo i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o Te Ao, te wā i waipuke ai te neke o ngāi Māori ki ngā tāone noho ai. Te taenga ki te tau 1953 kua hoki haere te tokomaha ki te 26 ōrau, ā, tae rawa ake ki te tau 1975 he iti iho i te rima ōrau. I uia a Tā Hēmi Henare e Te Rōpū Whakamana mō te korenga o ngā kaupapa kāwanatanga o te rau tau 19 e āta whakakāhore i te reo. Ko tāna ki te Rōpū: “E kore e taea te whakahē. Mehemea kāore he kaupapa here pērā, he “gentlemen’s agreement’ mutunga mai o te mārō tō rātou kia pērā.”[footnoteRef:15] [15: Ka Ngaro Te Reo: Māori Language Under Siege in the Nineteenth Century, nā Paul Moon, Otago University Press, whārangi 12. ] I whakapuakina pokerehutia te wairua o taua ‘gentlemen’s agreement’ e te Kaiwhakahaere i te Mātauranga i te tau 1931, i tana kī: “Kāore he raruraru mō te tangata Māori o te waihotanga ake e ia o tōna reo tuku iho.”[footnoteRef:16] [16: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 41.] Mō te tini i tū ki te tāpae kōrero, mō ō rātou hoa kōrero i roto i ngā tau rānei, he āhuatanga tēnei i haua ai te tinana, i maru ai te ngākau. Nā Tākuta Richard Benton i kawe tētahi rangahau i te ngahuru tau 1970, ā, i kōrero ia ki te mano tangata i whakatupuria i roto i taua wā. “I uia ngā upoko kāinga 6925 i pēhea ngā waiaro o te kaiako ki tō rātou kōrerotanga i te reo Māori i te kura. I pātaia te pātai ki te reo Māori anake, nā reira kāore i taea te whakautu e te hunga kāore i mōhio ki te whakarongo ki te reo Maori. He ōrite tonu, he whakaohomauri hoki ngā whakautu, i tēna takiwā, i tēnā takiwa, i tēna rohe, i tēnā rohe. Huia katoatia, 40 ōrau i kī, i whakawhiua rātou i te kura mō te kōrero Māori. Ahakoa i hāpainga ēnei tikanga e nga kaiako i runga i te whakaaro he painga kei roto - ko te whakapono o te tini o ngā kaiako ia, me i kōrero Māori nga tamariki i te kura ka uaua ake tā rātou kapo atu i te reo Pākehā, ā, e kore te whakaaro atawhai ki te reo Māori i te rūma kura, i ngā papa tākaro rānei e āwhina i ngā ākonga kia rere whakamua i te huarahi ki ngā taumata mātauranga, me ngā whāinga wāhi i te ao mahi. He tini hoki ngā mātua Māori i whakapono ki tēnei ariā, ahakoa tā rātou whakaaro he taimaha rawa rawa te utu, mō te iwi.” “Ka tauwhare mai ēnei taumahatanga katoa ki runga i te tangata, ko te mutunga iho, ka totohu te wairua. Me kī pēnei, i puta mai tētahi anganga whakaaro i tino horo ai te toremitanga o te reo Māori hei reo kōrero mō ia rā. Ko ēnei tuhinga, mai i tētahi uinga kotahi, i pokerehu te tīpako mai, hei whakaata i te āhuatanga i pā ki te hia mano o ngāi Māori me ō rātou whānau: ‘E whakapae hē ana te kaikōrero ki runga i a ia anō mō te kore o ana tamariki e mōhio ki te reo Māori. Nā ngā whakawhiu tino taimaha i a ia i te kura mō te kōrero Māori, kāore ia i hiahia kia pērātia ana tamariki. Kei te pouri ia ināianei mō tana mahi. Tata ki te kore te mōhiotanga reo o ana tamariki.”[footnoteRef:17] [17: Wai 11, puka 31, tāpaetanga nā Dr Richard Benton, The Place of the Māori Language in the Education System.] Nā te rangahau a Tākuta Benton i whakakorikori te motu mō te noho whakahemohemo o te reo Maori i taua wā. Nā ngā kitenga i puta, ka kawea ngā whakaaro o Ihakara Puketapu mā kia whakaarotia, kia whakatūria hoki ngā kōhanga reo. Ahakoa kua tahuri ētahi o ngā āpiha o Te Tari Mātauranga kia whakaurua te reo Māori hei wāhanga o te marautanga, ki te titiro o te tini o ngā kaitāpae kāore i rahi rawa. Tētahi tino tāpaetanga i pāorooro ngā kai o roto ki ngā taringa, ko tā Pou Tēmara, tētahi kaiako kura. I te mahi ia i te Tari Mātauranga. I arahina mai e ia tētahi ākonga e ako ana i te reo Māori ki te Rōpū Whakamana, ā, he pai te ahunga whakamua ina whakaritea ki ētahi atu i tana akomanga. Ka hoatu tētahi whakaahua ki a ia e whakamahia ana i taua wā i te whakamātautau ā-waha mō te Tiwhikete Kura mō te reo Māori. Ka rere ngā pātai ki a ia mō ētahi āhuatanga o te pikitia, ki te reo Māori. Ki tā te pūrongo: “He uaua tāna whakautu i ngā pātai, heoi anō, ka whakamanawanui ia ki te whakautu, me te āwhina haere a Pou Tēmara i a ia.” “Kātahi ka ārahina mai tētahi tamaiti e rima ōna tau mai i te Kōhanga Reo i tāwāhi o te huarahi, i te tiriti o te marae tonu o te whakawā. Ka whakakitea ko taua whakaahua anō ki a ia, me aua pātai anō, rite tonu. I te tuatahi nā te whakamā ka whakanuminumi noa iho ki muri i ngā panekoti o tōna kaiako, me tana pupuru i tōna ringa kia rarata mai ia. He kupu takitahi noa iho ngā whakautu ki ngā pātai tuatahi, tuarua, heoi anō, ka tae nei ki te pātai tuatoru, tuawhā, tuarima, ka piki anō te māia, ka makere mai ngā kupu i tōna waha. Tae rawa ake ki te roanga atu o ngā pātai, ki te pātai tekau mā rima, arā, te mea whakamutunga, he pai noa iho te kōrerorero a tētahi ki tētahi, arā, ki tōna kaiako.” “Tēra noa ake te rerekētanga o ngā kōrero a te ākonga i te taumata rima o te kura tuarua, i te tamaiti e rima tau te pakeke.”[footnoteRef:18] [18: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 37.] Nā tēnei rerekētanga ka pēnei te kōrero a te Rōpū: “He mārama tonu ngā painga o te pupuru i ngā mōhiotanga katoa ka mau i te hinengaro o te kōhungahunga, i mua i te haerenga ki te kura tuatahi, kei ngaro. Rite tonu ki ō rātou mātua ka whara rātou i ngā tini āhuatanga o tauiwi, o te ao whānui e karapoti nei i a rātou, tae atu ki te ao pāpāho. Me whakauru mai ētahi āhuatanga hei whakapūmau i ngā hua o te Kōhanga Reo, ahakoa he āhuatanga tauhou, rerekē rānei ki ētahi.” Ehara i te mea he ohorere ngā hua papai o te Kōhanga Reo ki te hunga kua roa e akiaki ana kia akona ngā tamariki Māori ki te reo mō te hia ngahuru tau. He pērā anō te akiaki a Te Rōpū Wāhine Māori Toko i Te Ora mō ētahi mea pērā i te ngahuru tau 1950, ā, nāna te tohe nui kia whakatūria he kura kōhungahunga whakamātau tikanga hou i Ōtara i te tau 1974, ā, i kaha rawa ngā mema ki te whakatū i te Kōhanga Reo. E ai ki te tāpaetanga o te Rōpū Wāhine: “ He tapatahi tonu te mahi a Te Rōpū Wāhine Māori ki te āki i te akoranga o te reo Māori mā ngā whare mātauranga katoa, mai i te kāinga, i te whare kōhungahunga, i te Kōhanga Reo, i ngā kura tuatahi, tuarua, i ngā wānanga taumata tuatoru katoa anō hoki.”[footnoteRef:19] [19: Wai 11, Puka 49, Tāpaetanga nā Te Rōpū Wāhine Māori Toko i Te Ora, whārangi 1. ] I tino whakahau te Rōpū Wāhine kia akona te reo Māori i ngā kinikātene mai i ōna hui tuatahi i te ngahuru tau 1950, heoi anō, ko te whakautu a te Kaitirotiro Mātāmua o ngā Kura Māori, ahakoa he pai te kaupapa ako i te reo Māori, me mātua mōhio ngā tamariki katoa ki te reo Pākehā nā te mea koirā te huarahi e tūpono ai ngā tamariki Māori ki te ao whānui. Engari ko te tū a Te Rōpū Wāhine, ko te reo Māori te waka mō te ao Māori katoa. Ahakoa i pērā tonu te whakahau a te Rōpū, kāore he tirohanga i tētahi taha ki tētahi taha, i hopohopo anō te ao mātauranga me ōna rangatira ki te whakauru mai i ngā hiahia me ngā tūmanako o te iwi Māori. Nā tētahi kaiako kura nā June Mead i tāpae kōrero e kī ana ko te maioro nui ki te akoranga i te reo Māori i ngā kura ko te hunga whakahaere i aua pūtahi mātauranga. “He kākano-tahi ngā whakahaere me ngā anga o te kura. He mea hoahoa, he mea whakahaere nā ngā Pākehā taumata waenga. Tētahi o ngā uauatanga tino nui mō tētahi kaiako Māori ko ngā waiaro o te hunga whai mana.”[footnoteRef:20] [20: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 30, e whakahuatia ana ēnei kupu mai i te tāpaetanga o June Mead. ] I pērā anō te whakapae a ngā kaikerēme ki tētahi atu wāhanga o ngā mahi – te ao pāpāho. Te Ao Pāpāho He mea āta tirotiro, āta herehere e te kāwanatanga ngā āhuatanga pāpāho katoa i te wā o te whakaurunga o te kerēme, i te taha pupuru pānga, whāngai moni, i te taha whakaritengā ā-ture hoki. He ahakoa rā, i te wā o te whakawākanga o te Rōpū Whakamana, i te wherawherahia te tūranga tika o te kāwanatanga i ngā wehenga maha o te ao mahi, tae atu ki te ao pāpāho, tērā anō ngā pukepuke o te wā, ā-tōrangapū, ā-ōhanga, ā-hangarau i pā ki te katoa. Nā konei he ao hurihuri te ao pāpāho i taua wā, me pēhea e tika ai te whāwhā a te Rōpū Whakamana, otirā ngā kaikerēme i ōna tini putanga kētanga. Tētahi o ngā aronga o te kerēme ko ngā hapa o te Ture Pāpāho 1976. Nā te Ture i whakahau te Kāporeihana Pāpāho “kia whakarite tikanga kia whakaata kia whakawhanake hoki ngā pānui i te wairua me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o Aotearoa” engari kāore i whakahuatia te reo Māori me ngā āhuatanga Māori i roto.”[footnoteRef:21] [21: Wai 11, puka 2, whārangi 9.] I kī ngā kaikēreme “nā te korenga e noho taurite o ngā hoa kōtui o te Tiriti, te iwi Māori me te Karauna, i roto i ngā mahi a Rūnanga Pāpāho me te Kāporeihana, kua tata ake te reo Māori ki te mate, me i noho taurite i ngā tau kua taha, kua kore e pērā.”[footnoteRef:22] [22: Wai 11, puka 2, whārangi 10.] E ai ki te kerēme kāore anō a Irirangi Aotearoa, a TVNZ rānei kia whakawhiwhi mahi ki ngā kaikōrero reo Māori kia hāngai ki te ōrau o te tokopae Māori o Aotearoa, i korekore ai ngā kai Māori i te irirangi me te pouaka whakaata. “I roto i ngā āhuatanga o te irirangi me te pouaka whakaata ka whiwhi tō mātou iwi i raro iho i te kotahi ōrau o ngā haora pāpāho; i ngā reo irirangi ā-takiwā kāore mātou i te whakahuatia, i te whakaarotia, i te tini noa iho o ngā hāora pāpāho.” I hāpainga e te kaipāpāho e Derek Fox tēnei ariā i tāna tāpaetanga ā-waha. “Kua tinihangatia te iwi Māori e ngā irirangi me te pouaka whakaata i tēnei whenua. He nukarau tūturu, he tāhae i te wāhanga tika o ngā rawa o te Kāporeihana Pāpāho o Aotearoa. Ka mārama pea koe ko te Kāporeihana o Aotearoa tētahi ratonga tūmatanui nō Aotearoa. Nō ngā tāngata katoa o Aotearoa te kāporeihana. I tērā o ngā tauānga, i te uinga i a rātou, i waenga i te 12 ki te 13 o ngā aua tāngata i kī, he Māori tō rātou momo iwi. Me hoki anō ki ngā kōrero a Tākuta Walker ki a koutou, me tana kī, e kore pea ētahi tāngata e māia ki te kī he Māori ia. Tata ki te 60 tau te reo irirangi e pāpāho ana i tēnei motu. E whakanui ana te pouaka whakaata i tōna 25 tau i Aotearoa... Ko te hua, te whakahokinga moni ki aua kaipupuru hea he iti iho i te 1 ōrau.”[footnoteRef:23] [23: Wai 11, tāpaetanga ā-waha, Derek Fox, whārangi 2.] Ka kōrerotia e Derek Fox te tono a te Kaunihera Māori ki te Kāporeihana Pāpāho mō ngā whāinga tika ki tētahi pouaka whakaata tuatoru. “I roto i ngā tau kua kite te ngoikore o te Kāporeihana Pāpāho ki te kawe i ōna haepapa ki te iwi Māori te tangata whenua o ēnei motu, e mōhio nei tātou he 12 ōrau o ōna kaipupuru hea. Kāti. Me whakaae ia ki tōna hara, me tuku mai hoki e ia tētahi wāhanga o āna whiwhinga moni kia whakapaua, tōna tikanga rā, ki taua wehenga iti o ngā tāngata o Aotearoa hei whakahaere i tētahi pouaka whakaata, hei whakaari i ngā tūmanako me ngā wawata taua wāhanga o te iwi, e taea ai hoki te hoatu he kai ki te nuinga o ngā tāngata o Aotearoa, me kore rātou e whakapai mai ki te reka o aua kai.”[footnoteRef:24] [24: Wai 11, tāpaetanga ā-waha, Derek Fox, whārangi 7. ] Nā tētahi tāpaetanga nā Mōrehu MacDonald i whakamārama te uaua o te mahi i roto i tētahi ao kīhai i aro atu ki te Māoritanga, me te kiriweti mai o ngā kaiwhakahaere o te ao pāpāho ki a ia i ētahi wā. Ko tāna: “He kainanao pānui Māori ahau i roto i Television New Zealand mō ēnei tau e ono, engari e mahi ana au i roto i tētahi ao aroha kore ki ngā āhuatanga Māori. I tino pouri au mō te kūware tūturu, tae tonu atu ki te ākiri mai a te tangata ki ngā āhuatanga Māori i ngā taumata katoa o te mahi whakaata, tae atu ki te hanga pānui, te taha hangarau me te whakahaere. Tētahi ahuatanga i tūponotia atu ko te whakahangareka mō ngā pānui Māori, he munamuna kōrero kaikiri hei whakakata tangata, ki taku aroaro tonu, te ‘whakaiti’ me te whakataurekareka i te reo Māori me te tangata Māori.” Ka tohu atu hoki ia ki te here o te ture kia penapenatia kia tautokona hoki ngā tikanga ā-iwi motuhake o Aotearoa. “Ina kōrero tātou mō ngā āhuatanga ā-iwi motuhake o Aotearoa, e kore e taea te mawehe atu i te tangata whenua – tātou, te iwi Māori. E kore e taea te aukati atu i te reo Māori, i ngā tātai Māori, i ngā tikanga Māori; e noho nei hei tohu ahurei mō ngā āhuatanga ā-iwi o Aotearoa, e rerekē ai e pūrero ai tōna kanohi ki runga ake i ētahi atu o ngā whenua o te ao. “Hei mea pouri rawa tēnei mō tēnei whenua, kua tae mai mātou ki konei kia whakawākia, hei kawe kē i te ngākau o tēnei kāwanatanga, te rōpū whakamana, otirā te iwi whānui mō te tino hua o te hāpai i te reo Māori hei reo whai mana mō Aotearoa.”[footnoteRef:25] [25: Wai 11, puka 55, tāpaetanga nā Morehu McDonald, whārangi 8.] Nā te kairangahau nā Richard Benton i tāpae tētahi pūrongo motuhake mō te hira o te pāpāho hei kaiwhakaora, kaiwhakamate hoki mō te reo Māori. Ko tāna kupu whakamutunga: “E toru ngā whakahaere ka noho hei rangatira mō te mate mō te ora rānei o te reo Māori i roto i te tekau tau kei mua i te aroaro; ko te kāinga tētahi, ko te kura tētahi, ko te ao pāpāho tētahi, otirā ko te pouaka whakaata te mea kaha o tērā ao.”[footnoteRef:26] [26: Wai 11, puka 53, whārangi 10, tāpaetanga nā Richard Benton. ] Ahakoa taimaha tonu ngā taukumekume mo te ao pāpāho i mua i te Rōpū Whakamana, tērā anō hoki ōna āhuatanga pārekareka. I whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te heamana a Taihākurei Durie rāua ko Derek Fox mō ō rāua rā i noho tahi ai i te whare wānanga, me te kata a te minenga. “Tā Durie: Kei te āwangawanga a Tā Kereama (Rātima) ki te tino whakapiki koe i te pai o ngā pānui pouaka whakaata mā te iwi Māori, ka heke pea te whakaputanga uri Māori ki te ao. Tini Pōkiha: I tōku ao, ka weto te pouaka whakaata i te 11 karaka. Nā reira he wā tonu e wātea ana.”[footnoteRef:27] [27: Wai 11, tāpaetanga ā-waha, Derek Fox, whārangi 20. ] Ahakoa i aronui anō ngā tāpaetanga mo te pāpāho ki ngā taringa o te tangata, i whakatārewatia e te Rōpū Whakamana te whakaputa tohutohu whāiti, nā te mea i te noho hoki te Kōmihana Pāpāho me ōna whakawākanga i aua marama tonu. Tērā anō hoki tētahi whakaaro, he tika kē kia noho te Karauna i tōna tūranga i tawhiti, kei uru atu ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi a te hunga kawe kōrero, kei kīa kei te whakatītaha i ngā kōrero ka puta. Engari nā te kōkiri a te Kāwanatanga Reipa kia tukua ngā rawa kāwanatanga ki ngā kamupene tūmataiti, me tana tuku i tētahi wāhanga nui o ngā mahi ki te ao hokohoko wātea, ka āhua hurihia te ao i whakaahuatia i mua i te Rōpū Whakamana e ngā kaikerēme. Nā tēnei huringa ka ara ake ētahi atu kerēme hou e rua i roto i ngā tau o muri mai. Ka whakakotahitia aua kerēme hei kerēme kotahi. Ngā kitenga a Te Rōpū Whakamana Ahakoa e torowhānui tonu ana ngā kōrero a te pūrongo a Te Rōpū Whakamana mō te kerēme, ka takoto i roto ngā tūāpapa mō te tautoko a ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga mō te reo Māori. Mō ngā wero mātāmua i whakatakotoria atu e ngā kaikerēme, ka tino whakaae te Rōpū Whakamana. “Mō te pātai nui hei whakatau mā mātou, āe rānei, kāo rānei he ‘taonga’ te reo Māori, e herea ai te Karauna kia whakamanaia, ki a mātou kotahi anake te whakautu ka taea. He tika pū he wāhanga taketake te reo nō ngā āhuatanga katoa o te iwi, nā reira me mātua kī ‘he taonga nui'. Hei whakaahua hoki te kerēme i tērā āhuatanga, ā, nā te tini o ngā kanohi, o ngā rangatira, o ngā māngai mai i nga tōpito katoa o te ao Māori i rere mai ki te tautoko, i whakapūmau, i ruruku taua kī.”[footnoteRef:28] [28: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 24.] I kitea hoki nā ngā kī taurangi o te tiriti ka herea te Karauna kia hīkaka te tiaki i aua taonga, tae atu ki te reo Māori, kia kaua e mahi noa iho i tāna mahi. “E whakahau ana te kupu kī taurangi i tētahi here kia tino kōkiritia ngā āhuatanga e taea ai i roto i ngā ringaringa o te kaiwhakatakoto i te kī, mehemea e pāhuhu atu ana tētahi taonga ki waho i ngā ringa o te iwi, kei te ngaro te mana motuhake rānei, te purutanga rānei e kore e whakapōrarutia, o taua taonga. . .” “We question whether the principles and broad objectives of the Treaty can ever be achieved if there is not a recognised place for the language of one of the partners to the Treaty. Ki tā te Māori titiro ko te nohonga o te reo i Aotearoa, hei tohu mō te wāhi o te iwi Māori.”[footnoteRef:29] [29: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 25.] Ka whakaputaina e te Rōpū Whakamana tā rātou titiro ko ngā rangatira nāna te tiriti i haina kua kore e whakaae, mehemea kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahi i tō rātou reo tuatahi i ngā kōrero ki te Karauna. “Ina whakaarotia ngā āhuatanga katoa o te wā o te whakaaetanga, kāore e kore, me i puta te kī a Kāpene Hōpihana e kore te tika kia kōrero Māori tētahi Māori i ngā whakahaere tūmatanui e whakaaetia i roto i te kī tauranga a te Kuini, kāore pea e tino nui ngā waitohu ka tukua mai.”[footnoteRef:30] [30: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 26. ] He pērā tonu te kaha o ngā whakatau a te Rōpū Whakamana mō te wāhanga ki te ao mātauranga ki te whakawaimeha i te reo Maori. “Kua puta mai tētahi hē nui. Kāore i te tika te whakaako i ngā tamariki Māori. E mea ana mātou e hē ana ngā whakaritenga katoa, kua roa hoki tōna pērā. E mea ana mātou kei tētahi taumata o te Tari, kei reira tonu te whakaaro – ahakoa i roto i ngā mahi whakatakoto tikanga, i ngā poari mātauranga rānei, i te taumata rānei o ngā tumuaki me ngā kaiwhakaako mātāmua, kāore e āta mōhiotia ana e mātou kei hea rawa, engari e noho ana i reira he ariā tonu o te whakaaro o mua - tuhia ai e tētahi Tumuaki o Te Tari Mātauranga i ngā ngahuru tau o waenga i tēnei rautau: ‘... Kāore he raruraru mō te tangata Māori o te waihotanga ake e ia o tōna reo tuku iho...’” Ki a mātou he tino hē tēnei whakaaro, me whakarere e tātou.”[footnoteRef:31] [31: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 37.] I tohu atu te Rōpū Whakamana ki te Kōhanga Reo hei tauira mō tētahi kōkiri whai hua, kua ara ake he painga whai kiko mō te oranga mai o te reo. Engari i tohua i reira te iwikore o te Tari Mātauranga, tōna tikanga ko te Tari tonu ki te ārahi i ngā mahi. “Kua rongo mātou i ngā whakahē e kī ana, i whakatūria te Kōhanga Reo ahakoa ngā whakapōreareatanga a te Tari i te kaupapa, te āhua nei he tika pea taua whakapae. I ārahina mātou kia tiro ki ngā kōkiri a te iwi Māori ki te whakatū kura Māori motuhake, ā, e mea ana mātou me tahuri te Tari ki te whāngai moni ki aua tū kura, ki te whakatū kura motuhake ranei i ētahi wāhi whāiti ka taea te āta whakaako i ngā tamariki Māori.”[footnoteRef:32] [32: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 41.] I whakapono hoki te Rōpū kāore i tino kaha rawa te mahi a te Karauna i te ao pāpāho, me te wāhanga ki te reo Māori i te pāpāho, ā, me whakatika. “Mehemea ka tau te kōrero o tēnei Rōpū kua pēhia ki raro te reo Māori e te tāorotanga o te reo Pākehā i te reo irirangi me te pouaka whakaata, ā, me ka tau hoki i te rōpū i kī taurangi te upoko II o te Tiriti e kore e mutu noa i te kī taurangi ka ora, engari ka āta tiakina te reo e te karauna i raro i ngā upoko o te Tiriti, ka mea mātou kua ‘kapea’ e te Minita ētahi mahi e tika ana kia mahia i raro i te Tekihana 6 o te Ture o te Tiriti o Waitangi 1975.”[footnoteRef:33] [33: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 44. ] Ngā Tohutohu I mua tata tonu i te whakaputanga a te Rōpū Whakamana i tāna pūrongo whakamutunga mō Wai 11, ka whakaurungia e te kāwanatanga tētahi pire ki te pāremata mō te reo Māori. Nā tēnei mahi poka tikanga ka uaua ngā kōrerorero a ngā kaikerēme ki te Karauna, otirā mō te pāpāho i tino raru ngā āhuatanga. E rima ngā tohutohu a Te Rōpū Whakamana, inā rā ētahi ‘kia whakaurua atu he ture kia whakamanaia ngā tangata katoa ahakoa ko wai kia whakamahi ia i te reo Māori i ngā kōti Ture katoa o te whenua, i ngā kōrerorerotanga ki ngā Tari Kāwanatanga, ki ngā kaunihera ā-rohe me ērā atu whakahaere tūmatanui"[footnoteRef:34] me te "whakahau kia whakatūria he rōpū i raro i te ture hei whakahaere hei taunaki hoki i te whakamahinga i te reo Māori.”[footnoteRef:35] [34: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 55. ] [35: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 55. ] I whakatinanatia tētahi wāhi o ēnei tohutohu e rua i roto i te Pire mō te reo Māori i whakamanahia i te tau 1987, i kīa rā he reo whai mana te reo Māori, i whakatūria ai hoki te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori (Māori Language Commission). Heoi anō, ahakoa i whakaaetia te kōrero i te reo Māori i roto i ngā kōti kāore i whakawhānuitia ki ētahi atu whakahaere kāwanatanga. I puta hoki tētahi tohutohu ki te Minita mō te Mātauranga “kia whakatūria he kōmihana uiui i ngā āhuatanga o te whakaako i te tamariki Māori, otirā, kia wherawheratia ngā huringa i ngā kaupapa me ngā whakaritenga o te tari o tēnei wā e tika ana kia wātea te huarahi ki te ako i te reo Māori mā ngā tamariki katoa e hiahia ana, tīmata tonu i ngā tau tuatahi o te huarahi mātauranga o te tamaiti, i ngā momo kura tino hāngai ki te painga mō te rātou, me te tautoko ā-pūtea mai a te Kāwanatanga i aua kura.“ Ahakoa kāore kau tētahi kōmihana uiui i whakatūria, nā te Ture Menemana Mātauranga 1989 i whakamana ngā Kura Kaupapa me ngā Wānanga. I whakatūria te Kura Kaupapa Māori tuatahi i te marae o Hoani Waititi, ā, mō muri tata mai ka whakatūria ētahi atu. Ahakoa ēnei wāhanga o te kaupapa, ko te tohutohu ki te Minita Pāpāho tētahi I whakaarahia i ētahi atu kerēme me ētahi atu kōkiri ki te kōti. Ka puta te tohutohu a Rōpū Whakamana “i roto i āna mahi whakatakoto kaupapa pāpāho me aro mai te Minita ki tēnei kitenga, he mea here te Karauna i raro i te Tiriti o Waitangi kia whakamanaia kia tiakina hoki te reo Māori, ā, ka taea tēnei te whakatutuki i raro i te Ture Pāpāho 1976.”[footnoteRef:36] [36: Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 55.] Ahakoa i hāngai ētahi wāhanga o te pire ki ngā tohutohu a te Rōpū Whakamana, kīhai ētahi i tutuki. Mō te taha pāpāho, ka whakaparahakotia tonutia ngā āwangawanga o te iwi Māori mō te pānga o te mahi pāpāho ki te reo Māori. Waihoki kua tīmata te hokohoko o ngā rawa kāwanatanga e te kāwanatanga Reipa, ko tētahi wāhi o tērā ko te hokonga atu o ngā rawa pāpāho. Ka werohia atu ēnei hokonga rawa kāwanatanga e te iwi Māori, otirā mō ngā hoko i ngā whenua, i ngā raihana hī ika me ētahi atu rawa i tana kaha rawa atu te wero o te taha Māori. Ka noho ngā kitenga o te Rōpū Whakamana mō te reo Māori hei kahupapa mō ngā kerēme pāpāho o muri mai, tae atu hoki ki ngā kerēme mō ngā aratuku waea pūkoro. Wai 26 & 150 I muri i te whakatau a te Karauna kia haere whakamua tonu āna hokonga rawa i whai pānga rā te Māori i roto, ka whakaohongia ētahi atu take kōti, tae atu ki ētahi pātai mō te pāpāho. Nō te tau 1986 ka tono ngā kaikerēme i te take Wai 11 kia huakina anō te kerēme, engari ka whakautu atu te Rōpū Whakamana kua oti kē ana kitenga te hora atu. Engari i tohutohu anō te Rōpū ka taea pea e ia te whakawā i tētahi take motuhake mō te pāpāho nā te mea kua waiho atu tēnei ki te Rūnanga Pāpāho i te tau i mua atu. I te whakatakoto hoki te Kaunihera Māori i tētahi tono mō te hongere pouaka whakaata tuatoru i mua i te Rūnanaga Pāpāho i te wā o te kerēme mō te reo. I te marama o Hune 1990 nā Tā Kereama Rātima rāua ko Huirangi Waikerepuru i whakauru te kerēme o Wai 150 mō te Kaunihera Māori me Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te Reo. I whai rātou i tētahi whakawākanga hohoro me tētahi tohutohu kia aukatingia ngā kaupapa here i roto i te Radio Communications Act 1989, kia oti rā anō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te iwi Māori mō ngā aratuku pāpāho. Ko te whakapae mā te hoko i ngā tika whakahaere aratuku e takahi te Tiriti o Waitangi, ka whara hoki ngā pānga o te iwi Māori i roto. I ngā rā tuatahi o ngā whakawākanga i whakaae ngā taha katoa kia haumitia ngā kerēme Wai 26 me Wai 150. I waenga i te marama o Hūrae 1990 ka whakaurungia e ngā kaikerēme tētahi tono mō te hohoro i runga i te whakaaro i te whai te Karauna i ngā tono mō ngā tika mō te 20-tau mō ngā aratuku AM, FM hoki i te marama o Ākuhata. Ka tono ngā kaikerēme me te tiamana o te Rōpū Whakamana kia whakatārewatia te hoko, engari kāore te Minita Pāpāho i whakaae kia whakatārewatia ngā pōwhiri ki te hunga hoko. Kātahi ka huri ngā kaikerēme ki te Kōti Matua, kia rapua he arotake ā-kōti i te whakatau a te Minita, ā, ka whakaaetia e te Kaiwhakawā. Kātahi ka pīratia e te Karauna ki te Kōti Pīra, i kitea e taua Kōti kāore i tika te whakaaro o te Minita kia haere tonu te hoko, nā tana kore e tatari ki te pūrongo a te Rōpū Whakamana. I haere tonu te whakawā a Te Rōpū Whakamana i reira i raro i te maru me te whāwhai o taua whakatau. I haere ngā whakawā mō te 10 rā, ā, ka hoki ki te tāpae pūrongo i te marama o Noema. Kua tau i roto i te whakatau o Wai 11 mō te reo he taonga te reo, ā, he mea āta here te karauna kia tiakina e ia te reo. Engari he uaua te whakawhāiti i tērā āhua ki te ao pāpāho. Tētahi o ngā take matua, he aha i kīa ai he tika tō te Māori ki ētahi rawa pēnei i ngā aratuku, kāore i mōhiotia e te ao i te wā o te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi, engari nō muri noa mai ka kitea. Tētahi wāhi o ngā kōrero a ngā kaikerēme ko te kitenga i te kerēme o ngā tauranga ika o Muriwhenua, he whāinga tika tō te iwi Māori ki te whanaketanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau me ngā ritenga mahi hōu. Engari he tohu ā-wairua kē te tohe mō ngā aratuku. Kāore kē te Karauna i whakaae he tika tō te Māori ki ngā aratuku pāpāho, e rerekē ana i ngā tika o ngā tāngata katoa o Aotearoa. “E whakaae ana te Karauna he mea here ia i raro i te Tiriti kia whāngaia kia tiakina hoki te reo Māori me ngā āhuatanga Māori, kia whakaritea hoki he wāhi pūmau mō te reo i ngā mahi pāpāho, engari kāore i taea e ia te whakaae he taonga ngā ngaru tūātea i raro i te Tiriti, me tana kī ko ngā tika o te iwi Māori ki ngā ngaru tūātea he rite tonu ki ētahi atu rōpū ahakoa ko wai, o tēnei whenua. I whakahau te karauna hāunga tētahi tohanga aratuku mai ka whiwhi te Māori i runga anō i te haepapa o te Karauna kia tiakina te reo Māori me nga āhuatanga Māori, me āta tuku tono ā-mākete te Māori ki nga ngaru tūātea i te taha o te iwi whānui. Ko te tika whānui o te iwi Māori kia ngahau atu ki ngā painga o ngā ahunga whakamua o te ao pūtaiao, hangarau hoki mai i te Tiriti, e ai tā te Karauna, i takea mai i te kī tauranga o te upoko 3 kia whiwhi te iwi Māori i ngā tika katoa o te kirirarautanga ki ngā tāngata o Ingarangi, nā reira, kāore he rerekētanga o te tū o te iwi Māori mō ngā ngaru aratuku i ētahi atu rōpū ahakoa ko wai.”[footnoteRef:37] [37: Wai 26 & 150, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 40.] Ahakoa kāore anō ngā ngaru tūātea kia kitea i te tau 1840, i whakaaro te Rōpū Whakamana ehara hoki nō te Karauna, me te whakaaro tuarua, ehara pea nō te Karauna anake. I kitea ngā ngaru irirangi e te kaitūhura pūtaiao o Itari, e Gugliemo Marconi i te tau 1901, ā, he rawa ka noho hei wāhanga o te aotūroa kāore anō kia kitea ake e wai rānei. Nā reira, me karokaro nga wāhanga o te rawa hou i raro anō i ngā whakaritenga taketake o tētahi whenua, me pērā hoki tōna whakamahinga, tōna whakahaerenga hoki. Hei wāhanga o aua whakaritenga ko te kirimana o te tau 1840 kia noho anō te mana ki te iwi Māori ki aua rawa e whakaarotia ana e rātou he whai hua , tae atu ki tō rātou reo. Ko ngā tika ā-rawa o te aratūātea tētahi wāhi e hē ai te kī noa ake a te Karauna, koia anake te mana. “Kei te aratūātea tō ā-papa ētahi o ngā tohu o tēnei mea te rawa kikokiko noa. E wātea ana ki te katoa. Te wāhanga o te aratūātea tō ā-papa e mōhiotia nei ko te aratūātea irirangi, he rawa ā-taiao whāiti, ā, i tēnei wā te rawa whāiti te hora e minaminatia ana e te tini o te tangata. Ki te kaha rawa tōna whakamahinga, te whakaurunga hoki o te tini ki roto, ka ara ake ētahi āhuatanga e hē ai te whakamahinga o te aratūātea irirangi. Nā reira he tika kia tokeke, kia āta whakaritea hoki ngā whakahaere o te aratūātea, ahakoa i te kāinga i Aotearoa, ahakoa i tāwāhi. Kua oti ētahi anga ture i runga i ngā whakaaetanga, i ngā ture me ngā rekureihana te whakanoho mai hei āta whakahaere i te mea nei, ā, kei te haere hoki ētahi whakaritenga ā-whakahaere i tēnei whenua, i tāwāhi anō hoki. Nā te nui o te take nei o te aratūātea irirangi, i pēnei ai te āhua o te whakaurunga o tēnei take i ēnei tau tata nei.”[footnoteRef:38] [38: Wai 26 & 150, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 39f.] I whakawhirinaki hoki te Rōpū Whakamana ki te kī, he tika anō tō te iwi Māori ki te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi hou, kāore e tika kia herea atu ki te tau 1840. “Ahakoa kāore i mōhiotia te aratūātea i te wā o te hainatanga o te Tiriti, kua mōhio anō tātou ināianei he wāhanga tēnei nō te aotūroa, mai i te Pō me te Kore. Nā reira he ōrite anō ki ngā tauranga ika wai hōhonu. I te pūrongo mō Muriwhenua (1988) ka kitea e te Rōpū Whakamana ahakoa i mōhiotia ngā tauranga ika o ngā āpure takutai e te iwi Māori i te tau 1840, ā, i noho anō i roto i ō rātou ringa motuhake, kāore kē i mōhiotia ngā tauranga ika wai hōhonu o te moana uriuri. He mea tika kia takawaengatia kia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te Māori ki te Karauna mō aua tauranga.”[footnoteRef:39] [39: Wai 26 & 150, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 41.] I kite te pūrongo a te Rōpū whakamana nā te nui o te pānga o te aratūātea ki te reo Māori, me tino whai whakaaro te Karauna mō ērā āhuatanga i tōna tohanga ki te tangata. “Ehara i te mea me kōrero noa iho te tangata mō ōna pānga o mua atu i te hainatanga i te Tiriti. Ehara hoki i te mea ka taea e te Karauna te kī, kāore ō te Māori tika ki te aratūatea, hāunga anō tōna tika tūmatanui, he tika noa iho rānei e pā ana ki te reo. Ko te whakamahinga o te tūātea irirangi he mea paihere ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te whakamahinga i te reo me ngā āhuatanga Māori katoa, tae atu ki te tiaki me te whanaketanga o ēnei āhua katoa, nā reira, kia nui kē atu te tika o te Māori kia uru ki ēnei rawa, i tērā whakaritenga whāiti.”[footnoteRef:40] [40: Wai 26 & 150, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 42f. ] Ko te whakahau matua a te Rōpū Whakamana kia tika te mahi a te Karauna i runga i te pono, kia whānui hoki āna kōrerorero ki te iwi. He here anō tō te Karauna kia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki tōna hoa kōtui, e hua ai tētahi here nui ki ngā hoa e rua kia mahia ā rātou mahi i runga i te ngākau pono tūturu, tētahi ki tētahi. Ko te huinga o ēnei here katoa e kī ana me toha tōna wāhanga tika, tōkeke hoki o ngā aratuku irirangi ki te hoa Māori. Ehara i te mea i roto ēnei kōrero he ōrau noa iho, he tatauranga kau hei hea rānei. Me mātua tohatoha i runga i te hiahia, i te runga i te whāinga.”[footnoteRef:41] [41: Wai 26 & 150, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 43.] I ngana tonu te kāwanatanga kia kawea whakamuatia e ia ana tikanga, me te rāhui i ētahi aratuku mā te Māori. Heoi anō, i kī ngā kaikerēme kāore i eke, ka hoki anō ki te Kōti Teitei ki te totohe mō te tohanga aratuku. I te marama o Hakihea 1988 ka kōkiritia tahitia e Te Kaunihera Māori rāua ko Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te Reo tā rātou take, i raro i te tekihana 9 o te State Owned Enterprises Act, arā, tā rātou kerēme whakahē i nga pire hou e hurihia ai a Irirangi Aotearoa (Radio NZ) me te Pouaka Whakaata o Aotearoa (TVNZ) hei Kāporeihana Arumoni Karauna. I mōhiotia te take nei ko te Broadcasting Assets Case. Ko tōna pūtake matua ko te wātea mai mō te iwi Māori o ngā reo irirangi me ngā pouaka whakaata matua o te motu, me te tika kia whiwhi reo irirangi Māori motuhake, pouaka whakaata tū motuhake anō hoki. Koia tēnei te kēhi rahi rawa o ngā kōtititanga pāho katoa, ā, e rima tau ki te whakatutuki i ngā kōtitanga me ngā pīra katoa. I whakahaeretia mā ngā kaitono e ngā kaitohutohu matua, arā, e Mātene Dawson rāua ko Sian Elias QC. I whai ngā kaikerēme kia aukatingia te huringa o ngā kupenga pāho kāwanatanga hei hinonga arumoni, i runga anō i tētahi tekihana o te Ture mō ngā Kāporeihana Arumoni Karuna, (S9) i kī rā, kia kaua te Kāwanatanga e mahi i tētahi mahi e takahia ai ngā kaupapa taketake o Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ko tā ngā kaikerēme, kua kinongia te reo Māori otirā, te iwi Māori, ngā hoa kōtui o te Tiriti o 1840, nā runga i ngā mahi hē angā kaupapa pāpāho i ngā ngahuru tau ki muri, i te pikinga ake o te wairua arumoni, i pēhia ai, i aukatingia ai te reo Māori ki waho i te pouaka whakaata me te reo irirangi. Ka toka tonu atu i reira te taitara o ngā rawa pāpāho a ngā kupenga pāpāho tūmatanui mō ētahi tau. Kāore i taea te whakawhiti i te mana o aua rawa ki ngā Kāporeihana hou, arā, ki te Pouaka Whakaata o Aotearoa me Irirangi Aotearoa (RNZ), kia tatū rā anō te take te whakawā. Ka haere te whakawā mō te rua tau me te hāwhe, mai i ngā marama whakamutunga o 1988 ki ngā marama tuatahi o 1991, i tatū ai te kēhi. I kitea i reira kāore i tino piki ake ngā painga mō te reo Māori o ngā panui i TV One, i TV Two, me te hōngere tūmataiti o TV3. Ka tono te Kōti ki te Karauna kia hangaia e ia ētahi kaupapa whakaruruhau mō te reo. Ka hoki te Karauna ki te pērā, kātahi ka whakahokia atu tāna mahere ki mua i te Kōti. Ko ngā kaupapa hou i tāpaetia rā e Te Karauna, inā rā: 1) He hora i tētahi pūtea $13m mō te toru tau, me te whakatūranga o tētahi whakahaere whāngai moni (Te Māngai Pāho) 2) He whakawhānui atu i ngā pānui Māori ki ngā hongere pouaka whakaata matua kua tū kē. 3) He whakawhanake i ētahi kaupapa me ētahi mahere mō tētahi hongere tū motuhake me tētahi whakaritenga wā e oti ai ētahi mahi i roto i te rua tau 4) He āta whakarite i tētahi kupenga aratuku UHF i roto i ētahi o ngā pūtahi taupori matua maha hei whakatū pea i tētahi hōngere Māori UHF. Kua kitea e te Koti Teitei kua tīmata ngā whakaaro o te Karauna te eke ki te taumata e tutuki ai ōna here mō te reo irirangi, engari kāore i tika mō te pouaka whakaata. I whakaputaina e te kāwanatanga ētahi whakaaro, tae atu ki te whakatūranga o te Māngai Pāho, engari i whakapono ngā kaikerēme kāore ēnei i eke ki te taumata e tika ana, ā, ka haria te take ki te Kōti Pīra. I whakamutua te pīra i reira, ā, ka haria ki te Kaunihera Piriwi i Ingarangi i te tau 1993. Ahakoa i ū anō te Kaunihera Piriwi ki te Whakatau a te Kōti Pīra, i waiho anō te kūwaha kia hoki anō ngā kaikerēme Māori kia tirohia anō e rātou, ā, i whakaaro rātou kāore i tika te urupare a te kāwanatanga. Kua whakatūpatoria te kāwanatanga i reira. Ahakoa kāore i toa nga kaikerēme i ētahi o ēnei pakanga takitahi, ka noho ngā kaupapa i tautohutia e te Rōpū Whakamana me ngā Kōti hei tūāpapa mō ngā ahunga whakamua i te ao pāpāho. I tuhia hoki ki te rangi te kōrero e kore te iwi Māori e hoki whakamuri, e wahangū rānei i mua i te Karauna. Nā te whakatūranga o Te Māngai Pāho i te tau 1993 ka hangaia he tūāpapa mō te pāpāho reo Māori. Ka tīmata te tohatoha o ētahi aratuku ki a Ngāi Māori kia horapa ngā reo irirangi Māori, tīmata mai ki te Reo Irirangi o Te Upoko o Te Ika i Pōneke. Mai i tērā wā ki nāianei neke atu i te 20 ngā reo irirangi Māori kua whakatūria, ā, he wairua motuhake tō tēnā, tō tēnā. Ahakoa kāore te Māori i whiwhi pouaka whakaata i te whakawhiwhinga raihana mō te pouaka whakaata tuatoru, i puritia te moemoeā kia tū he pouaka whakaara Māori taketake i te whatumanawa o te tini. I whakarewaina tētahi kupenga e kīa nei ko Aotearoa Television Network i te tau 1996, engari he whāiti ana pāohotanga i Tāmakimakaurau anake. Nā te iti o te pūtea ka kati i te tau 1997. I whakarewaina a Whakaata Māori i te tau 2004, ā, he mea whāngai ki ngā tahua tūmatanui, he ture whakaako tangata tōna. Ahakoa ngā whakahē mai a te ao torangapū me te ao pāpāho i ngā marama i mua i te tīmatatanga, kua tupu mai a Whakaata Māori hei tohu ahurei i te ao pāpāho o te motu. Nā tana arotahi ki te reo Māori, ki ngā tātai kōrero o nehe, me te ahurea Māori, i hua ake te momo tūāpapa i moemoea nuitia e te kerēme Wai 11. I te tau 2008, ka whakarewaina tētahi hongere tuarua, ko te Reo, i pāhotia ki te reo Māori anake. Ngā Aratuku Ahakoa i hangaia ngā hangarau me ngā hangaroto mō te pāpāho mō te hia ngahuru tau, he mea hou ngā hangarau waea pūkoro. Kāore anō kia whakamātauria ōna pānga ki te reo Māori. I te tau 1999 ka tīmata te hokohoko o te aratūātea 3G e te kāwanatanga, engari he rite ki ngā mahi pāpāho, kīhai i āta whakaarotia ngā pānga o te ao Māori. Nā tētahi kerēme nā Rangiaho Everton, ka puta ake te whakatau a te Rōpū Whakamana, āe, he whāinga tika taketake tō te iwi Māori ki te aratūātea (ahakoa ngā whakakāhore mai a Kaiwhakawā Savage). I kitea e te Rōpū Whakamana ko te kore e kōrerorero ki te iwi Māori tētahi hapa matua. “E ai ki tā mātou kitenga o te nuinga o te rūnanga, mō te kaupapa o te noho kōtui, kaua tētahi hoa kōtui e kī nāna te katoa o te rauemi. Ehara i te whakaaro tika, i te whakaaro i takea mai i te ngākau pono, kia apuhia e te Karauna te katoa o te rawa ki a ia, pērā i tāna tango i te katoa o te aratūātea irirangi i raro i te Radio Communications Act 1989 me te hoko rawa i ētahi wāhanga o taua aratūātea, me te wareware anō kia whakawhiwhia tētahi wāhanga tōtika o aua aratuku, mā roto i te kōrerorero, ki te iwi Māori.” [footnoteRef:42] [42: Wai 776, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 18f.] I whakakāhoretia e te Karauna te kitenga he whāinga tika tō te iwi Māori i raro i te upoko 2 ki te aratūātea irirangi. Ka tahuri kē ki te rāhui i tētahi tika kia whakawhanaketia tētahi hauwhā anake o aua aratuku 3G, ki waho i te hoko. Me mātua whakauru te iwi Māori ki tētahi kōtuitanga arumoni mō te whakamahinga o aua aratuku. Ka whakatūria tētahi tarahiti e mōhiotia nei ko Te Huarahi Tika Trust, me tētahi $5 miriona nā te Karauna i tāpae mai, hei kanohi mō te iwi Māori i roto i ngā whiriwhiringa. I muri i ētahi uauatanga i ngā tau tuatahi, ka kitea ētahi hoa arumoni mōna, ā, ka whakarewaina a Two Degrees i te tau 2009. Nā te tū mārō o te kāwanatanga ka ara ake anō te pakanga i te hokonga o ngā aratuku mō ngā hangarau 4G i te tau 2013. Nō te nekenga atu o te pouaka whakaata ki te hangarau matihiko ka whakawāteatia anōtia ētahi aratuku mō ngā hangarau waea pūkoro hōu kē atu. I ātete tonu te kāwanatanga ki ngā kerēme he whāinga tika tō te Māori ki ētahi o ngā aratuku kātahi tonu nei ka wātea ake. Ka hokona ētahi wāhanga o ngā aratuku e ngā kamupene mātāmua, e Vodafone, e Spark me 2Degrees. Engari nā te kerēmetanga anō e te Kaunihera Māori me Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau mō te hātepe hokonga ki te Rōpū Whakamana, i Wai 2224, ka tāpaetia e te kāwanatanga tētahi $30m mō tētahi tahua hangarau. Nā konei ka huri tuarā te kāwanatanga ki ō mua whakataunga a te Rōpū Whakamana, he taonga te aratūātea, e tika ana kia whai wāhi te iwi Māori ki roto. Te Matawai Nā te kerēme taketake e mōhiotia nei ko Wai 11 i waihanga ētahi rōpū maha, nō rātou te haepapa kia tautokona te reo Māori mā ngā tikanga huhua. Ahakoa rā, 30 tekau tau i muri ka ara ake ngā pātai mō te whāinga hua o ētahi o ngā mahi mō te whakapikinga i te whakamahi o te reo. He pūtake motuhake tō tēnā whakahaere, tō tēnā rōpū me ōna whāinga anō hoki. Tētahi pātai nui, he pēhea rawa te mahi tahi, kia tutuki ngā wawata o te katoa. Nā Te Ture o Te Reo Māori 2016 i hanga te Matawai. He rōpū tāwharau tēnei ka noho hei matua mō ngā rōpū poipoi i te reo Māori, – Te Māngai Paho, Whakaata Māori, me Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori. He kanohi tō tēnā rohe, tō tēnā rohe whānui tō Te Mātāwai, me ētahi mātanga mō ngā wāhanga mahi pēnei i te ao pāpāho. Ko te whāinga kia tino whai wāhi te iwi Māori ki te whanaketanga me te ahunga whakamua o ngā whakahaere kawe haepapa, tautoko hoki i te reo. Mai i te whakaurunga o te kerēme Wai 11, he tāpokopoko te āhua o te whakaoranga ake o te reo. Nā te whakamananga o te reo i whai kaha ai te iwi Māori ki te totohe kia whakatinanatia ā-kiko nei, otirā ko te ao mātauranga te ao matua mō tēnei āhua. I tērā o ngā tatauranga kua piki te ōrau o te hunga Māori o te tāone e mōhio ana ki te kōrero Māori ki runga ake i te 50 ōrau, ā, i mua, kāore kau āna kaikōrero i te reo i raro iho i te 30 tau. Ko te whakatupuranga i tupu ake i roto i te Kōhanga Reo me te Kura Kaupapa he pakeke katoa, ā, kei runga rawa rātou i ngā moka katoa o te ao mahi. Ko te hunga ka noho hei kaiako i ngā kōhanga me ngā kura he nui noa atu te whakangungu i ō rātou tau tīmatanga. Otirā ko te tohu ahurei pea, kei te oreore te motu katoa ki te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro mō te wāhi tika ki te reo Māori i te whenua katoa. Kua tīmata tētahi taukumekume nui mehemea me whakapūmau te reo Māori i roto i ngā kura, otirā i te taumata kura tuatahi, hei tīmatanga. Kua tīmata tonu atu ētahi kura. He pērā Te Kāreti o Kings, a Auckland Grammar, me te Kāreti Kōtiro o te Whanga-nui-a-Tara, arā, he kaupapa ako taketake mō te katoa i ngā taumata teina. Kua tino kaha kē atu ngā kaipāpāho Pākehā ki te whakaputa i ngā mihi Māori me te reo i ā rātou whakaaturanga me ngā mahi whakahuahua i te reo, kua piki ki runga i ngā kauwhau tūmatanui. Ahakoa ēnei tohu papai, kei te ngoikore tonu te reo. Ko te ōrau o te iwi Māori e kōrero ana i tōna reo, kāore i te ahu whakamua. Kei ētahi wāhanga o te iwi Māori, kei te heke te ōrau matatau. Mehemea ka ngaro te reo i roto i te whakatupuranga kotahi, e rua e toru ngā whakatupuranga mō te whakaoranga mai o taua reo. Neke atu i te 30 tau mai i te whakaurunga mai o te kerēme Wai 11 i te tau 1984, kāore i nui ake i te whakatupuranga kotahi. Kua pihi mai ngā kākano, kua torotoro, engari kāore anō kia puāwai kia whai hua tūturu. He mōrearea tonu te noho o te taonga nei, o te reo. He Rārangi Pukapuka Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Te Reo Māori Claim (Wai 11), Waitangi Tribunal, Department of Justice, Wellington, New Zealand, 1986. Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on Claims Concerning the Allocation of Radio Frequencies, Wai 26 & 150, GP Publications 1990. The Radio Spectrum Management and Development Final Report, Wai 776, Waitangi Tribunal Report 1999, GP Publications. Whakatupuranga Rua Mano, 1975-2000, He Tirohanga Whakamuri, nā Piripi Walker, Te Wānanga O Raukawa. Ka Ngaro Te Reo: Māori Language Under Siege in the Nineteenth Century, nā Paul Moon, Otago University Press. Waitangi Tribunal Submissions Wai 11, Doc 15E, The Māori Language in a hundred communities. Wai 11, Doc 10, tāpaetanga nā Hirini Moko Mead mō ngā Upoko 2 me 3. Wai 11, Doc 35, he tāpaetanga nā te New Zealand Section of International Commission of Jurists (e whakahuatia ana ētahi o ana kōrero i te pūrongo Wai 11) Wai 11, Doc 2, whakarāpopotanga o te kerēme, Ngā Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo Inc. Wai 11, Doc 21, he tāpaetanga nā Joe Williams. Wai 11, Doc 8, he tāpaetanga nā Bruce Biggs. Wai 11, Doc 31, he tāpaetanga nā Dr Richard Benton, The Place of the Māori Language in the Education System. Wai 11, Doc 49, he tāpaetanga nā Māori Women’s Welfare League. Wai 11, Pūrongo Whakamutunga, whārangi 30, e whakahua ana i tētahi tāpaetanga nā June Mead. Wai 11, Derek Fox he tāpaetanga ā-waha. Wai 11, doc 55, he tāpaetanga nā Morehu McDonald. Wai 11, doc 53, whārangi 10, he tāpaetanga nā Richard Benton. 4