Upoko I Ūpoko I:    He Kōrero Kē Te Pukapuka He Whakamārama Ka whakapuaki ngā kōrero a te tuhinga roa nei i te whakaaturanga a ngā kupu kua whakatakotoria e ētehi atu kaikōrero e pā ana ki te kaupapa whakatere waka hourua.   Ka rahi ngā kupu, ka maha ngā pukapuka.   Heoi anō kāore au e hiahia ana kia whakapaungia ngā kupu a tēnei tuhinga roa ki ngā kupu a tētehi atu.   Kāore hoki au e hiahia kia tuaruatia aua kupu, ki a au nei, kāore he hua.   Ki te pīrangi te kaipānui ki aua kōrero kimihia ngā pukapuka i te rārangi pukapuka.   Otirā, kua whakarāpopotongia pai aua kōrero i te tuhinga roa a Rāwiri Taonui (1994) [1] , ā, kua whakarārangitia te tini o ngā pukapuka e Goetzfridt (1992,1995).   I te pānuitanga o ngā kōrero whakatere waka, ka kitea, ka whakapono te ao Pākehā ki tētehi whakaaro i te tuatahi, ka takahuri ki tētehi atu whakaaro i te tuarua, kātahi ka hoki ngā whakapono ki te whakaaro tuatahi.   I tēnei, te ao hurihuri nei, ka whēnei te kōrero...      He kōrero kē te pukapuka i te ata     He kōrero kē te pukapuka i te ahiahi. I roto i te Ūpoko I nei ka tirohia ngā whakapono o tauiwi e pā ana ki te whakatere waka hourua.   Ka kitea ngā kupu tuatahi kua tāngia me te whakatipu o te whakaaro e pā ana ki aua kupu.   Ka tirohia ngā whakapae o Andrew Sharp me te aranga ake a ngā kairangahau ki te whakahē i āna whakapae.   Kātahi ka tirohia te whakatau o nāianei, e kī ana, i taea ai e ngā iwi o Poronīhia te whakatere waka hei whakawhiti i te Moananui-ā-Kiwa. Ngā Whakaaro Tuatahi O Tauiwi Ka tīmata ngā kōrero i ngā rerenga whakahura a Kāpene Kuki me āna tirotiro i ngā moutere o te Moananui-ā-Kiwa.   Ka miharo ia ki te māhorahora o ngā iwi Māori, nā te mea, he rahi hoki nō te Moananui-ā-Kiwa. [2]   Ka whakahoatia tētehi tohunga nō Rai’atea, a Tupaia,   ā, ka kitea e Kuki mā, e mōhio ana ia ki te rahi o ngā moutere i te Moananui-ā-Kiwa. [3]   Ka whakamiharo hoki ngā kaumoana Pākehā i taua wā, ki ngā mātauranga Māori e pā ana ki te Whānau Mārama,   e pā ana ki ngā mahi a Tāwhiri-mātea, me te pono o tā rātou whakakite i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi e haere mai ana. [4]   I te tuatahi i te whakapono a Kuki ki te whakawhitinga mai a ngā iwi Māori i te moana nui i runga tonu i ō rātou hiahia.   Engari, ka whakarerekēngia ōna whakaaro e ōna hoa.   He kore whakapono nō rātou: he roro tō ngā iwi o Porinīhia; he mātauranga hōhonu tonu kei ngā iwi o Porinīhia. [5]   Ko tērā hoki tētehi kōrero nā Andia-y-Varela.   Ka whakawhitiwhiti a Varela i tōna kāinga, i Peina, ki te Moananui-ā-Kiwa, i ngā tau 1772 ki te 1776.   Ka tuhia e ia he kōrero e whakamārama ana i ētehi āhuatanga o te mahi whakatere waka o ngā iwi o Porinīhia. [6]   Ki āna kitenga, ka aratakina e aua iwi ō rātou waka ki a Tamanui-te-Rā, ki ngā āhuatanga o te moana, ki ngā wāhanga o Tāwhiri-mātea, ki ngā whetū hoki i te pō. Ka hipa te rautau 1900, kua whakapono whānui te iwi Pākehā ki ngā mahi whakatere waka hourua.   I puta i taua wā ngā kohikohinga kōrero a Fornanader (1880), rātou ko Grey (1854,1928), ko Wilson (1866), ko White (1888), ko Smith (1898,1904,1910), ko Tregear (1904), ko Andersen (1928).   Ka tikina mai ngā kōrero nei i ngā pūrākau a ngā iwi Māori o Aotearoa, ā, kāore tētehi i kaha ki te whakahē i aua kōrero (i taua wā).   Ko te mate o aua kōrero, kāore aua kaituhi i āta whakamārama nō wai ngā kōrero, tuatahi.   Tuarua, he maha ngā wā ka rawekengia ngā kōrero kia hāngai tonu ai ki ngā whakapono o te kaituhi, otirā, ki ngā whakaaro me ngā tikanga a tauiwi. Ka putaputa mai ngā pukapuka a Best (1922a,1922b,1923,1925a,1925b) me tōna whakapono i taea ai e ngā tūpuna Māori te whakawhiti i te moana nui. [7]   Ka whēnā hoki a Buck (1938) me te tautoko i ngā whakaaro kua tuhia e Grey, e Smith mā. [8]   I ngā pukapuka a Best rāua ko Buck kāore tonu he kōrero e whakaatu ana i pēwhea te whakatere waka hourua, he whakapono noa iho i taea ai.   Ka whēnā ngā whakapono whānui o tauiwi tae rawa atu ki waenga i te rautau 1900. Ngā Whiunga Kupu A Sharp. I te tau 1956 ka werohia mai te pukapuka rongonui a Sharp, ko Ancient Voyages In The Pacific .   Ka rongonui te pukapuka nei, nā te kaha whakahē i ngā tuhinga me ngā whakapono kua puta mai i mua rā, ā, ka whakaohooho te ao hurihuri i ngā whakapae a Sharp.   Ko te kaupapa nui a te pukapuka a Sharp, e kī ana, ko ngā whakawhitinga katoa a ngā iwi Māori i te Moananui-ā-Kiwa, he pūrewanga pakoke noa, he rerenga waimārie noa.   Ka whiua e ia he kupu e kī ana, kāore e taea e ngā iwi o Porinīhia te rongo i te ia o Tangaroa me te nukunuku a ngā hau rerekē o Tāwhiri-mātea, ā, ahakoa he mātauranga whetū nui tō rātou, ka pōuri ngā rangi i te kapua, ka ngaro katoa rātou.   Ko tāna whakapono, kāore e taea e ngā tūpuna Māori te mōhio ki te tere o te waka, ki te tawhiti hoki kua rere te waka.   Ki a Sharp, e 300 maera [9] noa iho te tawhiti e taea ai e rātou te whakatere waka, ki te nui ake i taua tawhiti, ka ngaro rātou, ā, he waimārie noa iho mena ka pae ō rātou waka ki te whenua.   I tikina e Sharp te maha o ngā kupu kua whakatakotoria e ngā kaumoana Pākehā hei tautoko i tāna whakapae.   Ko ētehi he tuhituihi nā Cook (1785) rātou ko Dillon (1829), ko Anderson (1826), ā, ki a Sharp, he mea tautoko katoa ā rātou kupu, i tāna i whakapae ai.   Ki a ia hoki, i whakanohonoho ngā iwi Māori i ngā moutere maha o te Moananui-ā-Kiwa nā te waimārie noa iho, kāore rātou i te hiahia ki te whakawhiti ki aua moutere.   Ka whakarite ia i ngā whakawhitinga moana ki te rerenga a Hana Koko... "The Polynesians were making stories and poetry, not writing history.   Let the navigators sail by any star they like, as Santa gallops across the sky at midnight.   No undue scepticism has risen over the fact that midnight is in a lot of places at different times, and that Santa Claus’s sledge must have been very fast to have covered Christendom in one night.   The fact that Maui appeared as an ancestor in many islands need not be offered as an objection to the claim of each group separately that he was their ancestor.   The only mistake that can be made in such matters is to rob Santa Claus of his reindeer because they do not have wings, or to put Antares in its right place, in which case Santa Claus falls flat on his face and the navigators are lost forever." [ 10]   [11] Ka maranga ake te tokomaha o ngā kaikōrero e pā ana ki te kaupapa whakawhiti moana nui.   Ko tērā a Suggs (1960) e whakahē ana i ngā whakaaro whāiti a Sharp.   Ko tērā a Parsonson (1962) e kī ana kāore i tirohia te katoa o ngā kōrero e Sharp.   Ko tērā a Heyen (1962) e kī ana kāore e tika ana ngā kōrero a Sharp e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te moana.   Ko tērā hoki a Denning (1962) e whakahē ana i ngā kupu a Sharp e pā ana ki ngā mōhiotanga o ngā iwi Māori, ki te mahi whakatere waka me te rerenga hoki i runga i te waimārie.   Ka tuhia e Gatty (1958) rātou, ko Frankel (1962), ko Makemson (1941) ngā tātai whetū i taea ai te mahi whakatere waka hourua. [12]   Heoi anō, ka tautoko tonutia a Sharp e Hilder (1962), rātou ko Akerblom (1968) mā.   Kāore hoki a Sharp i te hiahia nohopuku, ki te mate rawa ia ka mate ururoa.   I te tau 1967 ka whakaputangia e ia tētehi atu pukapuka, ko Ancient Voyagers In Polynesia .   I kī atu ia kua rerekē ngā kōrero o te pukapuka hou.   Engari i te pānuitanga, kāore i tino rerekē ngā kōrero, kāore i rerekē ngā whakaaro, kāore i rerekē te wairua. I āna kupu whakataki i te pukapuka Pacific Navigation And Voyaging , (1976), ka whēnei te wero a Ben Finney; me rapu kōrero e pā ana ki te mahi-ā-ringa a ngā waka me te mahi whakatere waka. [13]   Nā, ka whēnā ngā kaituhi i roto i taua pukapuka, a Lewis rātou ko Doran, ko Horvath me Finney, ko Lauer, ko Riensenberg, ko McCoy.   Nā, kua whakaoho ake te ao whānui ki te rangahau i te kaupapa nei; āe, i taea   e ngā iwi o Poronīhia te whakatere waka, kāore rānei. Ngā Mahi Rangahau Ka whakaarahia ngā kairangahau whānui ki te tātari te kaupapa whakatere waka hourua.   Ko ētehi ka titiro ki ngā mahi-ā-ringa i roto i te Moananui-ā-Kiwa whānui, arā, a Alkire (1965) rātou ko Gladwin (1970) ko Gunn (1980).   Ka āta tirohia e ētehi ngā āhuatanga o ngā waka o te moana, arā, ko Doran (1976), rātou ko Finney me Horvath (1976), ko Finney (1977), ko Lewis (1972), ko Hunt me Kelly (1984). Ko ētehi ka takahuri ki ngā kōrero i roto i te whenua, arā, a Green (1967a,1967b, 1979,1994), rātou ko Sutton (1985,1987a,1987b), ko Kirch (1986), ko Davidson (1981,1984,1994) hoki.   Ko ētehi atu ka titiro ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi; kei a Irwin (1992) he whakarāpopototanga pai i tēnā tirohanga. Ka whakahaeretia rorohiko e ētehi atu kairangahau kia kitea ai ngā kupu tautoko i ngā whakapae.   Koia te mahi nui a Levison, Ward me Webb (1973) me tētehi mahi hoki a Irwin (1992:133-173). E pai ana ki ētehi kaikōrero (pērā ki tēnei kaituhi) ki te haere mā runga te moana, i reira rangahau kōrero ai.   Koia te kaupapa i ngā tuhinga a Gladwin (1970), rātou ko   Lewis (1966, 1972, 1977a, 1977b), ko Finney (1977, 1985, 1989, 1994a, 1994b), ko Siers (1977), ko Babayan (1987), ko Kyselka (1986,1987). Ngā Kōrero Tuku Iho A Te Iwi Māori Hāunga i ēnā pukapuka kua putaputa mai ngā kupu hītori a ngā iwi Māori o Aotearoa.   Koia te pukapuka a Best (1925) mō Tuhoe, a Mitchell (1944) mō Takitimu, a Kelly (1949) me Jones/Biggs (1995) mō Tainui, a Grace (1959) mō Tūwharetoa, a Stafford (1967) mō Te Arawa, a McEwan (1986) hoki mō Rangitāne.   I roto i ngā tuhinga-ā-iwi nei, karekau he tautohetohe i te kaupapa whakatere waka hourua.   Ki tō ngā iwi Māori whakapono, i whakawhiti mai ngā tūpuna Māori i runga tonu i tō rātou mōhio ki te mahi whakatere waka hourua. Koia nei ngā whakaaro Māori nō mai rā anō, koia nei tonu ngā whakaaro Māori i ēnei rā.   Engari ia, nā te roa pea o te noho a ngā iwi Māori ki Aotearoa nei, kāore e maha ā rātou kōrero e pā ana ki te mahi whakatere waka hourua. Ko tētehi atu āwangawanga mō ngā kupu-ā-iwi, kua kaha te whiu a te whakapae, ‘kāore he mana i ngā kupu tuku iho a ngā tūpuna Māori’.   Koia te wairua o ngā kupu kua tuhia e Sharp (1956,1967), rātou ko Biggs (1966), ko Orbell (1974v,1985), ko Walker (1976).   Kua whakananotia hoki ngā kōrero i tuhia i ngā tau tuatahi o te 1900; e ngā pukapuka a Simmonds , The Sources Of Sir George Grey’s Ngā Mahi A Ngā Tūpuna (1966), The Great New Zealand Myth (1976) me The Words Of Matorohanga (1994); e ngā pukapuka hoki a Sorrenson The Whence Of The Māori (1977) me te Māori Origins And Migrations (1979).   I tāku nei pānuitanga, kāore a Simmonds rāua ko Sorrenson e kī atu, kua kore-hua noa ngā pukapuka i taua wā, engari ki a rāua, me tino tūpato ki te tiki kōrero i aua pukapuka. Ki ōku nei whakaaro kei ngā kōrero tuku iho he hua tonu, he matauranga tonu e pā ana ki te mahi whakatere waka hourua.   Kāore anō hoki kia āta rangahautia ngā karakia me ngā waiata tawhito.   Kei reira hoki ētehi puna kōrero e kore e raweketia e te hipanga o te wā.   He wā anō pea ka āta wānangangia aua taonga. Te Whakatau O Nāianei Kua rapungia ngā kupu rangahau hou, ā, kua whakarāpopotongia aua kōrero i roto i ngā pukapuka a Irwin (1992) rātou ko Sutton (1994), ko Taonui (1994).   Me kī, he tini nō ngā whakaponotanga e kī ana i taea ngā iwi o Porinīhia te whakawhiti i te moana nui.   I ēnei rā, ko te whakatau a te ao whānui, i whakawhitia e ngā tūpuna Māori te moana nui i runga tonu i tō rātou hiahia. [14]   Heoi anō, kei te mihi atu au ki a Andrew Sharp mō te whiunga a āna kupu.   Nā taua whakapae rorirori kua ohorere te ao ki te whakahoki kōrero, ā, kua whai mahi anō ngā tohunga tārai waka hourua.   Engari kāore au i te whakahoki kōrero e pā ana ki tā Sharp whakapae.   Kua oti kē taua mahi i ngā kairangahau o te ao hurihuri nei, kua whakawetohia rawatia aua whakaaro, ā, ki a au nei, kāore he take kia patua tonutia te kurī mehemea kua mate rawa taua kurī. Ko tāku kē he whakaatu i pēwhea te mahi whakatere waka hourua.   Kia tūtuki ai i ahau tēnei whakaaturanga, me whai waka i te tuatahi, me whai rerenga i te tuarua.   Ko te kaupapa o te Ūpoko II e whai mai ana; he kōrero mō ngā waka me ngā rerenga kua hāpai ake nei i ngā tau ruangahuru kua pahure ake nei.   [1] He taonga tēnei tuhinga roa mō tāna tirohanga pukapuka, me te nuinga a ngā kaupapa i roto. [2] Beaglehole 1967: 279. [3] Irwin 1992: 13-14. [4] Banks 1962:v1:386;   Parsonson 1962:41-42, 1963 14-15; Irwin 1992:14. [5] Irwin 1992:14;   Taonui 1994:54. [6] Taonui 1994: 52-53;   Denning 1962:112-113. [7] Hei tauira tirohia Best 1922:35-38, 1924:33. [8] Buck 1938:288. [9] I te katoa o tēnei tuhinga ko te maera, he maera-ā-moana (Nautical maera).      1 Maera-ā-moana = 1.15 maera-ā-whenua   =   1852   mita. [10] Sharp 1956:85. [11]   I te whakawhitinga i Hawai’i ki Rarotonga, i te tau 1995, he maha ngā wā ka arataki te waka hourua a Te Aurere ki te whetū Rēhua ( Antares ).   Koia tētehi whetū kaha, e tō ana i te taha Tomokanga o te rangi, te wāhi e kimi ana ngā kaiurungi i ngā tohu.   Ehara i te mea i whaia e mātou taua whetū, nā tāna tōnga kētia ki tā mātou taha maui, engari he tīramarama kia whakarārangi ai te waka.   Tirohia te Ūpoko IV, whārangi 450. [12] Lewis 1964:364-368. [13] Finney 1976:11. [14] Irwin 1992:16,   Sutton 1994:245-246,253-254, Taonui 1994:73-74.